Državna matura u Hrvatskoj: prijedlog nacionalnog pristupa

Prikazan je prijedlog nacionalnog pristupa za uvođenje državne mature u hrvatske srednje škole. Prijedlog je temeljen na nizu empirijskih analiza potreba hrvatskog obrazovanja

Effects of selective blockade of elements of tissue renin angiotensin aldosterone system on isolated rat heart in chemically induced diabetes mellitus

Izvod: Dijabetes karakteriše pojačana aktivnost RAAS. Hiperglikemija je najznačajniji metabolički uzročnik tkivnih promena i aktivacije RAAS. Posledice aktivacije RAAS u srčanom tkivu su oksidacioni stres, fibroza i apoptoza. U poslednje vreme se uviđa da modulacija RAAS, inhibitorima ASE i blokatorima AT1 receptora, nije dovoljno efikasna, dok direktni inhibitor renina pokazuje efekat i na intracelularni i ekstracelularni tkivni RAAS. Kombinovana primena modulatora RAAS dovodi do povećanog kardiovaskularnog mortaliteta što je ukazalo na postojanje neželjenih efekata na miokard. Mehanizam kardijalnog oštećenja nakon primene modulatora RAAS je važno istraživačko pitanje. Ovim istraživanjem su sagledavani akutni efekti perfuzije modulatorima RAAS na zdrav i miokard u dijabetesu. Utvrditi razlike u kardiodinamskim parametrima, koronarnom protoku, stvaranju NO i parametrima oksidacionog stresa između srca zdravih i pacova nakon 4 nedelje hiperglikemije. Utvrditi akutne efekte perfuzije modulatorima RAAS (zofenopril, valsartan, spironolakton i aliskiren) na srca zdravih i pacova nakon četiri nedelje hiperglikemije. Korišteni su pacovi soja Wistar albino podeljeni u 8 grupa po 12 životinja. Životinje su žrtvovane a srce je izolovano i postavljeno na Lagendorf-ov aparat. Četiri grupe su činile zdrave životinje kojima su kroz izolovano srce perfuzijom puštani pojedinačno zofenopril 1.5 μM, valsartan 1μM, spironolakton 0.1 μM i aliskiren 1 μM. Na isti način su tretirani i pacovi kojima je 4 nedelje pred eksperiment hemisjki indukovan dijabetes upotrebom streptozotocina. Određivani su kardiodinamski parametri: brzine promene pristiska u levoj komori (dp/dt max i dp/dt min), pritisak u levoj komori (SLVP i DLVP), srčana frekvenca (NR) i koronarni protok (CF). Iz koronarnog efluenta određivana koncentracija NO i parametara oksidacionog stresa: O2.-, H2O2 i TBARS. Svi parametri su određivani pri različitim perfuzionim pritiscima od 40-120 cm H20. Hronična hiperglikemija je dovela do dijastolne disfunkcije izolovanog srca pacova. Poremećaj je funkcionalne prirode. Nije uočen poremećaj sistolne funkcije ni srčane frekvence. Koronarni protok je blago cmanjen pri višim perfuzionim pritiscima. Parametri oksidacionog stresa O2.- i N2O2 su sniženi u grupi sa dijabetesom dok je TBARS povišen. Nije bilo izmene koncentracije NO. Modulatori RAAS ostvaruju različite efekte na miokardu zdravih u odnosu na miokard pacova sa dijabetesom. Ova razlika je i kvantitativna a pri primeni nekih lekova i kvalitativna. Akutni efekti modulatora RAAS su izraženiji u kontrolnoj grupi. Aliskiren dovodi do negativnog inotropnog i lusitropnog efekta, što je manje izraženo u dijabetesu a potencirano je porastom pritiska.Abstract: Diabetes is characterized by an increase in the activity of RAAS. Hyperglycemia is the most important metabolic cause of tissue changes and RAAS activation. The consequences of RAAS activation in the cardiac tissue are oxidative stress, fibrosis and apoptosis. Recently, it has been noted that RAAS modulation with ACE inhibitors and blockers of AT1 receptors is not effective enough, while a direct renin inhibitor proved to have effect on both, intracellular and extracellular tissue RAAS. A combined use of RAAS modulators leads to an increased cardiovascular mortality, which indicates the presence of adverse effects on myocardium. The 166 mechanism of cardiac damage after the administration of RAAS modulators is an important research issue. This research examined the acute effects of perfusion with RAAS modulators on healthy and diabetic myocardium. To identify the differences in cardiodynamic parameters, coronary flow, NO production and oxidative stress parameters between the hearts of healthy rats and the hearts of rats that had been hyperglycemic for 4 weeks. To determine the acute effects of perfusion with RAAS modulators (zofenopril, valsartan, spironolactone and aliskiren) on the hearts of healthy rats and the hearts of rats after four weeks of hyperglycemia. We used rats of albino Wistar strain, divided into 8 groups of 12 animals each. The animals were sacrificed and the hearts were isolated and mounted on Langendorff' apparatus. Four groups consisted of healthy animals into whose isolated hearts were by perfusion separately released zofenopril 1.5 uM, 1μM valsartan, spironolactone 0.1 uM and 1 uM aliskiren. In the same way were treated the rats to which diabetes had been induced chemically, using streptozotocin, 4 weeks before the experiment. The cardiodynamic parameters were measured: rate of the change of the left ventricular pressure (dp / dt max and dp / dt min), left ventricular pressure (SLVP and DLVP), heart rate (HR) and coronary flow (CF). The coronary effluent was used to determine the NO concentration and oxidative stress parameters: O2.-, H2O2 and TBARS. All parameters were determined at different perfusion pressures: 40-120 cm H2O. Chronic hyperglycemia led to diastolic dysfunction in isolated rat heart. The disorder is functional in nature. No systolic dysfunction or heart rate irregularities were observed. The coronary flow was slightly decreased at higher perfusion pressures. Parameters of oxidative stress O2.- and H2O2 were lower in the diabetic group, while TBARS were increased. There were no changes to the NO concentration. RAAS modulators affected myocardium of healthy and diabetic rats differently. The difference is quantitative and, in case of administration of certain drugs, it is also qualitative. Acute effects of RAAS modulators were more pronounced in the control group

Razvoj kratke ljestvice učeničkih iskustava s učenjem i nastavom

U radu je prikazana kratka Ljestvica učeničkih iskustava s učenjem i nastavom. Cilj konstrukcije Ljestvice je omogućavanje valjanog, pouzdanog i praktičnog praćenja važnijih obilježja učenja i nastave iz perspektive učenika. Konceptualno se polazi od učeniku usmjerenog pristupa, po kojemu se iskustva učenika smatraju najvažnijim pokazateljem kvalitete podrške koju učenici dobivaju u školi. Prikazana je validacija Ljestvice u jednoj gradskoj gimnaziji s općim gimnazijskim programom na uzorku od 631 učenika. Učenici su procjenjivali svoja iskustva s učenjem hrvatskog jezika, matematike i engleskog jezika. Korištena je inačica ljestvice koju su učenici popunjavali putem interneta, vođeno, u svojim informatičkim učionicama. Ljestvica se sastoji od 12 tvrdnji kojima se ispituju važni aspekti učenja i nastave. Rezultati upućuju na jednofaktorsku strukturu ljestvice s visokim koeficijentima interne konzistencije. Koeficijent Cronbach alfa za hrvatski jezik iznosi α=, 86, za matematiku α=, 91, a za engleski jezik α=, 89. Pokazuje se da ljestvica ima dobru diskriminativnu valjanost. Rezultati na ljestvici dobro razlikuju procjene različitih predmeta, iste predmete u različitim razrednim odjelima, a također odražavaju i teoretski jasne spolne razlike u procjenama. Validacija Ljestvice potvrđuje valjanost i smislenost korištenja učeničkih iskustava za ispitivanje važnih obilježja učenja i nastave u razrednom okruženju. Ljestvica može imati uporabnu vrijednost za dijagnostiku, samovrednovanje i planiranje unapređivanja nastave pojedinih predmeta. (IN ENGLISH: This paper presents the short Scale of Student Experiences with Teaching and Learning. The aim of the scale is to provide a valid, reliable and useful tool for monitoring the important aspects of teaching and learning from the students’ perspective. The conceptual framework for the development of this scale is the learner-centred approach where student experiences are considered as a valid indicator of the quality of support provided to students in school. Results of the validation study carried out on 631 pupils of one grammar school in an urban area are presented. Students assessed their experiences with the learning and teaching of the Croatian language, Mathematics and English language. A computerised version of the scale was administered to students via the Internet in their computer lab. The scale consists of 12 items related to the most relevant aspects of teaching and learning in the classroom. The results reveal the homogeneous unifactorial structure of the scale with high internal consistency. Cronbach α coefficients were .86 for Croatian, .91 for Mathematics and .89 for English. The scale demonstrated adequate discriminant validity, providing good differentiation of assessments for three different subjects as well as for the same subject by different classes of students. Gender differences in the assessment of three subjects are in line with theoretical expectations. The validation of this scale supported the validity and usefulness of student experiences in assessing the important aspects of teaching and learning in a school environment. This scale is therefore a potentially useful tool in diagnostics, teacher self-evaluation and in planning interventions aimed at improving the teaching of various subjects in school.

Opažanje i unapređivanje školske nastave

Kolegijalno opažanje nastave je suradničko-razvojni pristup u kojemu učitelji međusobno prate nastavu, potiču (samo)refleksiju o nastavnom procesu, analiziraju, raspravljaju i razmjenjuju dobra nastavna iskustva. Pristup se temelji na jednakosti i uzajamnosti, kolegijalnoj podršci i konstruktivnoj razmjeni mišljenja. U priručniku je opisan pristup, kao i mogućnosti njegova korištenja za profesionalni razvoj učitelja. Predloženi postupci i obrasci za opažanje i samoanalizu učitelja usmjereni su na bitne komponente kvalitetne nastave i olakšavaju korištenje pristupa za unapređivanje nastavničkih kompetencija. Osim za kolegijalno opažanje nastave i profesionalni razvoj učitelja, obrasci se mogu koristiti i za potrebe supervizije te kao vrijedan izvor informacija za opće samovrednovanje škola

Kako škole vide sebe: analiza samoevaluacijskog upitnika u projektu samovrednovanja škola

The paper presents the qualitative analysis of schools' responses to self-evaluation questionnaire used in the process of school self-analysis and self-evaluation. Based on the school effectiveness model, themes covered in the questionnaire included financial and material conditions of schooling, school management, quality of teaching processes, quality of teaching plans and programmes, support programmes for pupils, presence of extracurricular activities in school, partnership with parents and local community etc. The analysis gave insight into the self-perceptions of schools and their position regarding possible steps toward school improvement

Analiza prednosti, nedostataka, mogućnosti i zapreka u radu škola

U poglavlju su detaljno razmotrene SWOT analize škola. Uočeni nedostaci i zapreke u radu, kao i prepoznate razvojne mogućnosti, poslužile su školama za definiranje vlastitih razvojnih prioriteta i ciljeva

Samovrednovanje škole iz perspektive kritičkih prijatelja

U poglavlju su analizirana iskustva kritičkih prijatelja kao vanjskih promatrača i sudionika procesa samovrednovanja u školama. Ova iskustva pružaju vrlo dobru sliku o pozitivnim učincima, ali i o zaprekama uvođenju samovrednovanja u škole. Kritički prijatelji su dali niz konkretnih i korisnih preporuka za olakšavanje i bolje korištenje samovrednovanja kao moćnog mehanizma za unapređivanje rada škola

Imaging in percutaneous ablation for atrial fibrillation

Percutaneous ablation for electrical disconnection of the arrhythmogenic foci using various forms of energy has become a well-established technique for treating atrial fibrillation (AF). Success rate in preventing recurrence of AF episodes is high although associated with a significant incidence of pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis and other rare complications. Clinical workup of AF patients includes imaging before and after ablative treatment using different noninvasive and invasive techniques such as conventional angiography, transoesophageal and intracardiac echocardiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which offer different information with variable diagnostic accuracy. Evaluation before percutaneous ablation involves assessment of PVs (PV pattern, branching pattern, orientation and ostial size) to facilitate position and size of catheters and reduce procedure time as well as examining the left atrium (presence of thrombi, dimensions and volumes). Imaging after the percutaneous ablation is important for assessment of overall success of the procedure and revealing potential complications. Therefore, imaging methods enable depiction of PVs and the anatomy of surrounding structures essential for preprocedural management and early detection of PV stenosis and other ablation-related procedures, as well as long-term follow-up of these patients

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHORT SCALE OF STUDENT EXPERIENCES WITH LEARNING AND TEACHING

U radu je prikazana kratka Ljestvica učeničkih iskustava s učenjem i nastavom. Cilj konstrukcije Ljestvice je omogućavanje valjanog, pouzdanog i praktičnog praćenja važnijih obilježja učenja i nastave iz perspektive učenika. Konceptualno se polazi od učeniku usmjerenog pristupa, po kojemu se iskustva učenika smatraju najvažnijim pokazateljem kvalitete podrške koju učenici dobivaju u školi. mPrikazana je validacija Ljestvice u jednoj gradskoj gimnaziji s općim gimnazijskim programom na uzorku od 631 učenika. Učenici su procjenjivali svoja iskustva s učenjem hrvatskog jezika, matematike i engleskog jezika. Korištena je inačica ljestvice koju su učenici popunjavali putem interneta, vođeno, u svojim informatičkim učionicama. Ljestvica se sastoji od 12 tvrdnji kojima se ispituju važni aspekti učenja i nastave. Rezultati upućuju na jednofaktorsku strukturu ljestvice s visokim koeficijentima interne konzistencije. Koeficijent Cronbach alfa za hrvatski jezik iznosi α=,86, za matematiku α=,91, a za engleski jezik α=,89. Pokazuje se da ljestvica ima dobru diskriminativnu valjanost. Rezultati na ljestvici dobro razlikuju procjene različitih predmeta, iste predmete u različitim razrednim odjelima, a također odražavaju i teoretski jasne spolne razlike u procjenama. Validacija Ljestvice potvrđuje valjanost i smislenost korištenja učeničkih iskustava za ispitivanje važnih obilježja učenja i nastave u razrednom okruženju. Ljestvica može imati uporabnu vrijednost za dijagnostiku, samovrednovanje i planiranje unapređivanja nastave pojedinih predmeta.This paper presents the short Scale of Student Experiences with Teaching and Learning. The aim of the scale is to provide a valid, reliable and useful tool for monitoring the important aspects of teaching and learning from the students’ perspective. The conceptual framework for the development of this scale is the learner-centred approach where student experiences are considered as a valid indicator of the quality of support provided to students in school. Results of the validation study carried out on 631 pupils of one grammar school in an urban area are presented. Students assessed their experiences with the learning and teaching of the Croatian language, Mathematics and English language. A computerised version of the scale was administered to students via the Internet in their computer lab. The scale consists of 12 items related to the most relevant aspects of teaching and learning in the classroom. The results reveal the homogeneous unifactorial structure of the scale with high internal consistency. Cronbach α coefficients were .86 for Croatian, .91 for Mathematics and .89 for English. The scale demonstrated adequate discriminant validity, providing good differentiation of assessments for three different subjects as well as for the same subject by different classes of students. Gender differences in the assessment of three subjects are in line with theoretical expectations. The validation of this scale supported the validity and usefulness of student experiences in assessing the important aspects of teaching and learning in a school environment. This scale is therefore a potentially useful tool in diagnostics, teacher self-evaluation and in planning interventions aimed at improving the teaching of various subjects in school

Family Cohesion and Well-being of Urban and Rural Adolescents

Predmet rada jest obiteljska kohezivnost u seoskim i gradskim obiteljima, analizirana temeljem rezultata pregledna istraživanja (survey research) provedena na proporcionalnom uzorku srednjoškolaca (4.865 adolescenata) u Primorsko-goranskoj, Ličko-senjskoj i Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj županiji. Ispitivanje je provedeno primjenom prilagođene ljestvice obiteljskih rituala i zajedničkih aktivnosti (Compan i sur., 2002). Rezultati upućuju na značajne razlike seoskih i gradskih obitelji u nekim oblicima obiteljske interakcije, te da djevojke i mladići unekoliko različito percipiraju obiteljsku kohezivnost. Za interakciju gradske obitelji znakovita su zajednička obiteljska putovanja i izleti te odlasci u kupovinu, dok dominantne obrasce interakcije seoske obitelji čine zajednički odlasci u crkvu, zajedničko objedovanje, zajedničko provođenje praznika i zadovoljavanje školskih potreba. Stupnjevita analiza diskriminacijske funkcije pokazala je da se djevojke od mladića statistički značajno razlikuju čak u deset od dvanaest ispitanih oblika obiteljske interakcije: djevojkama su svojstveni odlasci u kupovinu i šetnje s nekim od roditelja, a mladićima odlasci na sportske događaje i bavljenje sportom. Ispitana je i sveza obiteljske kohezivnosti i zadovoljstva životom djevojaka i mladića sa sela i iz grada te je utvrđeno kako obiteljska kohezivnost snažno određuje zadovoljstvo životom adolescenata, koje je općenito izraženije u mladića nego u djevojaka. Loša obiteljska komunikacija ima značajno negativniji učinak na zadovoljstvo životom adolescenata u selu nego u gradu i upozoruje da je kvalitetna obiteljska komunikacija vjerojatno važniji protektivni faktor za funkcioniranje ličnosti adolescenata u selu nego u njihovih vršnjaka u gradu. Opće značajne razlike li zadovoljstvu životom mladih sa sela i iz gradova, međutim, nisu utvrđene, jer interakcijski učinak prebivališta i spola nije statistički značajan.This paper discusses family cohesion in rural and urban families, that is analysed based on the results of survey research conducted on the proportional sample of high school students (4 865 adolescents) from Primorsko-goranska, Ličko-senjska and Dubrovačko-neretvanska counties. The research used the adopted Scale of family rituals and family activities (Compan et al, 2002.) The results indicate significant differences in some forms of family interaction in rural and urban families, and a somewhat different perception of family cohesion of girls and boys. Family trips, picnics and shopping are characteristic of the urban family interaction, while for the rural family dominant patterns of family interaction are going to church together, having meals together, spending holidays together and completing school work. Level analyses of the discriminative function shows that girls differ from their male counterparts at the statistically significant level in ten out of twelve examined forms of family interaction: for girls going shopping and for walks with one of the parents are characteristic, while for boys it is going to sport events or playing sports. The relation of family cohesion and well-being of urban and rural adolescents was also examined. It reinforced that family cohesion is strongly determined with well-being of adolescents, which is in general more evident in girls than it is in boys. Poor family communication has a significantly greater negative effect on adolescents\u27 well-being in rural areas than in those from urban areas and it indicates that quality of family communication is probably more important protective factor for functioning of adolescents\u27 personality from rural areas than for their counterparts in urban areas. There were however no global significant differences found in well-being of urban and rural youth, since interaction effect of rural-urban or gender factor is not statistically significant