Air protection

Аn air pollutant is defined as a substance that is present in the atmosphere at a concentration that is sufficient to cause harm to humans, other animals, vegetation, or materials. Each day humans inhale approximately 20 000 l of air. If harmful gases or fine toxic particles are present in the air, they are also drawn into the lungs, where they may cause serious respiratory diseases and other health problems. Approximately 90% of all air pollution is caused by five primary air pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; mostly hydrocarbons [HCs]), and suspended particles. The transportation industry is responsible for nearly 50% of all air pollution from anthropogenic sources. In addition to CO, automobiles emit NOx and HCs. The burning of fossil fuels by stationary sources (power plants and industrial plants) accounts for approximately one-third of air pollutants, mainly in the form of sulfur oxides. Other industrial activities, along with variety of processes, including incineration of solid wastes, contribute smaller amounts. If pollutants were distributed evenly over the entire country, their harmful effects would be greatly reduced. Because the pollutants tend to be concentrated in urban areas, where industry is more common and automobile traffic is congested, large segments of the population are exposed to their harmful effects, particularly during daily rush hours. In addition to the five primary air pollutants, the atmosphere is contaminated with secondary air pollutants, which are harmful substances produced by chemical reactions between primary pollutants and other constituents of the atmosphere. Secondary pollutants include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, sulfates and nitrites (which contribute to acid deposition), and ozone and other photochemical oxidants (which contribute to photochemical smog). Biomass is material from vegetation and it can be used as a fuel in various boilers and combustors. The main components of biomass are carbon, oxygen and hydrogen but it also contains nitrogen, sulphur and, normally, small amounts of chlorides. The main part of the ash comprises Ca, K, Si, Mg, Mn, Al, Fe, P, Na and Zn. During combustion, various kinds of impurities are generated and some of them there are in the flue gas. Most of them are related to the composition of the biomass: particles from ash, NOx from nitrogen, SO2 from sulphur, etc. There is impurities related to incomplete or bad combustion e.g. particles such as soot and unburned matter, carbon monoxide and other gaseous organic compounds (TOC) such as dioxin. The impurities in the flue gas are harmful if they are emitted to the atmosphere. Flue gas cleaning must be installed to eliminate or at least reduce this problem

Commonly used textile fibers in composite industry for special purposes

In the composite industry for special purposes various textile materials can be apply, but in the technology of advanced composites dominate: glass, carbon, aramide and polyethylene fibers. Fiber reinforcement became dominant in many engineering applications due to the possibilities of designing various properties of composite materials by changing the arrangements of different fibers. But not all types of fibers can be used as reinforcement of textile composites. Fibers to be utilized in composites should have specific properties, such as high modulus of elasticity, high ultimate strength, uniform cross section, low variation of properties between individual fibers, and the ability to withstand fabrication without significant property loss. Textile composites are using high performance fibers such as glass, carbon/graphite, aromatic polyamides (aramides – Kevlar), polyesters (HM/HT PES), ceramic fibers, boron and silicon carbide fibers, etc. Textile composites are being widely used in advanced structures in many industrial applications as storage and transport structures (tanks, pipes, hoses, etc.), geotechnical, aerospace, automotive and marine industries. One application of great interest nowadays is the energy production management, especially when it comes to wind energy (wind mills). Also, high amounts of textile reinforced composites are used in the production of sporting goods and protective equipment. An interesting application is in civil buildings, as walls reinforcement. This is because they possess outstanding physical, thermal and favorable mechanical properties, particularly light weight, high stiffness and strength, good fatigue resistance, excellent corrosion resistance and dimensional stability and attractive reinforcing materials with low production cost and easy handing. In this review the main technical fibers used in textile composite: glass, carbon, aramids and high tenacity polyethylene fibers are discussed. They have superior mechanical characteristics so that can meet the specific demands of advanced composite applications. Each fiber has its own advantages and disadvantages. A comparison between reinforcing material properties is also shown. In terms of technology, all specific processes from textile industries may be used to produce complex structures, but, due to their characteristics and the material geometry that results, they lead to different behavior and recommend materials for various applications. The main production processes employed in textile reinforcements are weaving, braiding, knitting and non-woven production. The selection of a specific technological process takes into account its architectural capabilities, the material characteristics and behavior (dimensional stability, mechanic strength, drapability and formability, etc.), as well as its suitability for the composite processing and application. Key words: glass, carbon, aramids, polyethylene fibers, composites

Medical textiles, possibilites and chalenges

The medical textiles segment is the fastest growing sector of the technical textile sector. Textile structures used in this field include yarns, woven , knitted, non - woven textile materials, textile composite, designed to meet specific requirements of surgery, postoperative treatment and treatment of wounds and burns under sterile conditions. Although textile materials are widely accepted for medical and surgical applications, new areas of application are constantly emerging. Given the uncertainties of covid 19, the pandemic directly and indirectly affects the medical textile market. The forecasts are that in the following period the consumption of medical textiles will continue to grow. This paper presents the possibilities and challenges for fibrous structures in the field of medical and healthcare. Key words: medical textile market, fibrous structure, non-implantable materials, implantable materials, healthcare and hygiene product

Fashion in Spain as an inspiration for design and construction of contemporary children's clothing

Fashion represents a kind of unique visual art, which centuries ago left a special mark in the history of every country, and in this case, especially in Spain. Each period in the history of clothing is special in its design, the material used and the abundance of colors that were striking at that time. Each period also represents a special inspiration for fashion designers today. In this paper two designs that are inspired by different periods of children's fashion, or rather, girls' fashion in Spain are shown. Designs will be shown part by part in the purposeful creation itself from idea to their realization. The materials and colors that are used will also represent a review of the period from which the designs were inspired. Keywords: fabric, clothing, history, trend

Final control of men's shirts

Quality control is one of the most important factors in the textile industry and it is often closely related to the accepted quality level and final control. The final control is done by the quality controller to ensure that the quality of the garment accomplish the requirements of the client. Quality control is a requirement in the production of men's shirts because it maintains the quality of the brand and the cooperation between the garment company and the customer. Every step in the manufacturing process of men's shirts is vital to the overall quality of the final product. Namely, errors identified during the production process are immediately reported to the manufacturer, so direct intervention is possible for their removal, and not after transport to the client's country. In this way it is possible to save time, reduce production costs and at the same time reduce organizational problems. Keywords: men's shirt, textile materials, quality control, final contro

Utilizing Vacuum Bagging Process to Prepare Carbon/Epoxy Composite Laminates

In the frame of this work, composite laminates based on unidirectional carbon/epoxy prepreg were produced by using of by Automated Tape Laying (ATL)/ Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) and vaccum bagging processes. This research based on unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composites shows the effect of fiber architecture on mechanical properties using a automated tape/fiber laying procedure followed by the vacuum bagging process method. The properties of the prepreg material have been tested and some mechanical properties of the obtained composite laminates has been performed. The vacuum bagging method showed improvement in tensile strength and modulus. Keywords: automation, layup, vaccum bagging, prepreg, laminates

New standards to implement the 17 Sustainable Development Goals

Цели на обуката – да се пропознаат предностите на социјалната и еколошката заштита како и економските цели на одржлив развој, да се идентификуваат можностите во делот на одржлив развој кои произвегуваат од текстилната индустрија, како и да се препознаат претприемничките модели во општествените промени

Improving the Subjective Wellbeing of Young Women in Balkans through Interventions in their Physical Activity

The young women of Balkans have traditionally less physical activity compared to the women of Western Europe and their employment rates are less, so this leads to lower levels of physical activity. The overall aim of the project is to seek ways of improving the subjective well-being of young women aged 18 to 30 in the Balkans (five countries: Greece, Bulgaria,Romania, Serbia, and North Macedonia) using interventions in their physical activity. The project attempts to fulfill the following objectives: (1) providing first-hand research results to be used as a basis for interventions in partner countries towards using physical activity for improving the subjective well-being of the target group, (2) informing the target group about the benefits of having an active lifestyle, and (3) providing accessible sources related to intervention methods for the policymakers. A combination of research and awareness-raising activities have been formulated. The research part includes two surveys focusing on the personal and socioeconomics as well as physical activity and wellbeing of the participants before and after 6 months of activation in the form of increased walking and or biking activity in daily life and reducing screen and sedentary time per day of 1000 participants. The investigation is continued by creating a validated dataset and statistical analysis, leading to scientific publications and policy reports. In each Balkan partner country, 100 participants take part in two awareness-raising events organized by local partners. Moreover, three MOOCs will be designed in about the two sub-topics of “active mobility and wellbeing” and “active lifestyle for women” and a multiplier event in the form of workshop will be held. Finally, the project team will reflect the outputs of the project in non-technical language for the policymakers of the region. The minimum number of audiences including participants as well as information recipients will be 1875

Културното наследство низ призма на ликовната дејност - изложба

Како дел од проектот под исто име во организација на Завод и музеј - Штип и Ликовната академија од УГД - Штип, се случИ групна изложба на професори од УГД чии дела реферираат на културното наследство од градот. Изложбата се отвори во септември 2021 во просториите на Музејот, а беше придружена со модна ревија

Design of protective clothes

Creation of the modern design of protective clothes that would fully satisfy the requirements of the soldier is a lengthy process that is based on research aimed at examining the beginnings and the first forms of protective clothes, used materials and patterns, shape and appearance, their change over the centuries reaching the contemporary design of protective clothes. The genesis of protective clothes through the ages by changing materials, fabrics and forms from ancient people till the modern world is very important in the process of creating protective clothes that would satisfy the needs of the military in 21st. century. With advancement of technology in terms of modernization of weapons, appears the need for better protection. The new trends in the field of fashion are talking about greater use of design even in the industry for protective clothes. Experience shows that the soldier's clothing should be a blend of design and functionality, and research is aimed on discovering the relationship between technology and art making a solution which fully meets the requirements of the modern army. The need for contemporary design of protective clothes imposed the idea of creating a unique model of protective vest that beside his esthetic look will have a great functionality. Solders ability to remove the vest from body in a few seconds is a major advance in the design and construction of protective vests. The ability to remove the vest from the soldiers bodies in a few seconds is a big improvement in design and construction of protective clothes, which is the main contribution of this labour