Testing Isotropic Universe Using the Gamma-Ray Burst Data of Fermi / GBM

The sky distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) has been intensively studied by various groups for more than two decades. Most of these studies test the isotropy of GRBs based on their sky number density distribution. In this work we propose an approach to test the isotropy of the Universe through inspecting the isotropy of the properties of GRBs such as their duration, fluences and peak fluxes at various energy bands and different time scales. We apply this method on the {\em Fermi} / Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) data sample containing 1591 GRBs. The most noticeable feature we found is near the Galactic coordinates $l\approx 30^\circ$, $b\approx 15^\circ$ and radius $r\approx 20^\circ-40^\circ$. The inferred probability for the occurrence of such an anisotropic signal (in a random isotropic sample) is derived to be less than a percent in some of the tests while the other tests give results consistent with isotropy. These are based on the comparison of the results from the real data with the randomly shuffled data samples. Considering large number of statistics we used in this work (which some of them are correlated to each other) we can anticipate that the detected feature could be result of statistical fluctuations. Moreover, we noticed a considerably low number of GRBs in this particular patch which might be due to some instrumentation or observational effects that can consequently affect our statistics through some systematics. Further investigation is highly desirable in order clarify about this result, e.g. utilizing a larger future {\em Fermi} / GBM data sample as well as data samples of other GRB missions and also looking for possible systematics.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Testing Isotropic Universe Using the Gamma-Ray Burst Data of Fermi / GBM

The sky distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) has been intensively studied by various groups for more than two decades. Most of these studies test the isotropy of GRBs based on their sky number density distribution. In this work we propose an approach to test the isotropy of the Universe through inspecting the isotropy of the properties of GRBs such as their duration, fluences and peak fluxes at various energy bands and different time scales. We apply this method on the {\em Fermi} / Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) data sample containing 1591 GRBs. The most noticeable feature we found is near the Galactic coordinates $l\approx 30^\circ$, $b\approx 15^\circ$ and radius $r\approx 20^\circ-40^\circ$. The inferred probability for the occurrence of such an anisotropic signal (in a random isotropic sample) is derived to be less than a percent in some of the tests while the other tests give results consistent with isotropy. These are based on the comparison of the results from the real data with the randomly shuffled data samples. Considering large number of statistics we used in this work (which some of them are correlated to each other) we can anticipate that the detected feature could be result of statistical fluctuations. Moreover, we noticed a considerably low number of GRBs in this particular patch which might be due to some instrumentation or observational effects that can consequently affect our statistics through some systematics. Further investigation is highly desirable in order clarify about this result, e.g. utilizing a larger future {\em Fermi} / GBM data sample as well as data samples of other GRB missions and also looking for possible systematics.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

On the Spectral Lags and Peak-Counts of the Gamma-Ray Bursts Detected by the RHESSI Satellite

A sample of 427 gamma-ray bursts from a database (February 2002 - April 2008) of the RHESSI satellite is analyzed statistically. The spectral lags and peak-count rates, which have been calculated for the first time in this paper, are studied completing an earlier analysis of durations and hardness ratios. The analysis of the RHESSI database has already inferred the existence of a third group with intermediate duration, apart from the so-called short and long groups. First aim of this article is to discuss the properties of these intermediate-duration bursts in terms of peak-count rates and spectral lags. Second aim is to discuss the number of GRB groups using another statistical method and by employing the peak-count rates and spectral lags as well. The standard parametric (model-based clustering) and non-parametric (K-means clustering) statistical tests together with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Anderson-Darling tests are used. Two new results are obtained: A. The intermediate-duration group has similar properties to the group of short bursts. Intermediate and long groups appear to be different. B. The intermediate-duration GRBs in the RHESSI and Swift databases seem to be represented by different phenomena.Comment: 41 pages, 10 figures, 9 tables, accepted to be published in The Astrophysical Journa

Estimation of the detected background by the future gamma ray transient mission CAMELOT

This study presents a background estimation for the CubeSats Applied for MEasuring and LOcalising Transients (CAMELOT), which is a proposed fleet of nanosatellites for the all-sky monitoring and timing-based localization of gamma ray transients with precise localization capability at low Earth orbits. CAMELOT will allow us to observe and precisely localize short gamma ray bursts (GRBs) associated with kilonovae, long GRBs associated with core-collapse massive stars, magnetar outbursts, terrestrial gamma ray flashes, and gamma ray counterparts to gravitational wave sources. A fleet of at least nine 3U CubeSats is proposed to be equipped with large and thin CsI(Tl) scintillators read out by multipixel photon counters (MPPC). A careful study of the radiation environment in space is necessary to optimize the detector casing, estimate the duty cycle due to the crossing of the South Atlantic Anomaly and polar regions, and minimize the effect of the radiation damage of MPPCs

The HERMES-technologic and scientific pathfinder

HERMES-TP/SP (High Energy Rapid Modular Ensemble of Satellites Technologic and Scientific Pathfinder) is a constellation of six 3U nano-satellites hosting simple but innovative X-ray detectors, characterized by a large energy band and excellent temporal resolution, and thus optimized for the monitoring of Cosmic High Energy transients such as Gamma Ray Bursts and the electromagnetic counterparts of Gravitational Wave Events, and for the determination of their positions. The projects are funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research and by the Italian Space Agency, and by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant Agreement No. 821896. HERMES-TP/SP is an in-orbit demonstration, that should be tested starting from 2022. It is intrinsically a modular experiment that can be naturally expanded to provide a global, sensitive all sky monitor for high-energy transients

Timing techniques applied to distributed modular high-energy astronomy: the H.E.R.M.E.S. project

The HERMES-TP/SP (High Energy Rapid Modular Ensemble of Satellites - Technologic and Scientific Pathfinder) is an in-orbit demostration of the so-called distributed astronomy concept. Conceived as a mini-constellation of six 3U nanosatellites hosting a new miniaturized detector, HERMES-TP/SP aims at the detection and accurate localisation of bright high-energy transients such as Gamma-Ray Bursts. The large energy band, the excellent temporal resolution and the wide field of view that characterize the detectors of the constellation represent the key features for the next generation high-energy all-sky monitor with good localisation capabilities that will play a pivotal role in the future of Multi-messenger Astronomy. In this work, we will describe in detail the temporal techniques that allow the localisation of bright transient events taking advantage of their almost simultaneous observation by spatially spaced detectors. Moreover, we will quantitatively discussed the all-sky monitor capabilities of the HERMES Pathfinder as well as its achievable accuracies on the localisation of the detected Gamma-Ray Bursts

Estimation of the detected background by the future gamma ray transient mission CAMELOT

This study presents a background estimation for the CubeSats Applied for MEasuring and LOcalising Transients (CAMELOT), which is a proposed fleet of nanosatellites for the all-sky monitoring and timing-based localization of gamma ray transients with precise localization capability at low Earth orbits. CAMELOT will allow us to observe and precisely localize short gamma ray bursts (GRBs) associated with kilonovae, long GRBs associated with core-collapse massive stars, magnetar outbursts, terrestrial gamma ray flashes, and gamma ray counterparts to gravitational wave sources. A fleet of at least nine 3U CubeSats is proposed to be equipped with large and thin CsI(Tl) scintillators read out by multipixel photon counters (MPPC). A careful study of the radiation environment in space is necessary to optimize the detector casing, estimate the duty cycle due to the crossing of the South Atlantic Anomaly and polar regions, and minimize the effect of the radiation damage of MPPCs