On the age dynamics of learned societies - taking the example of the Austrian Academy Sciences

In a hierarchical organisation of stable size the annual intake is strictly determined by the number of deaths and a statutory retirement age (if there is one). In this paper we reconstruct the population of the Austrian Academy of Sciences from 1847 to 2005. For the Austrian Academy of Sciences we observe a shift of its age distribution towards older ages, which on the one hand is due to rising life expectancy, i.e., a rising age at death, as well as to an increased age at entry on the other hand. Therefore the number of new entrants has been fluctuating considerably - especially reflecting several statutory changes - and the length of tenure before reaching the age limit has declined during the second half of the last century. Based on alternative scenarios of the age distribution of incoming members - including a young, an old, the 'current' and a mixed-age model - we then project the population of the Austrian Academy and its ageing forward in time. Our results indicate that the 'optimum policy' would be to elect either young or old aged new members.

The impact of policies influencing the demography of age-structured populations: lessons from academies of sciences

In this paper, we assess the role of policies aimed at regulating the number and age structure of elections on the size and age structure of five European Academies of Sciences. We show the recent pace of ageing and the degree of variation in policies across them and discuss the implications of different policies on the size and age structure of academies. We also illustrate the potential effect of different election regimes (regimens? types?) (fixed vs. linked) and age structures of elections (younger vs. older) by contrasting the steady-state dynamics of different projections of Full Members in each academy into 2070 and measuring the size and age-compositional effect of changing a given policy relative to a status quo policy scenario. Our findings suggest that academies with linked intake (i.e., where the size of the academy below a certain age is fixed and the number of elections is set to the number of members becoming that age) may be a more efficient approach to curb growth without suffering any aging trade-offs relative to the faster growth of academies electing a fixed number of members per year. We further discuss the implications of our results in the context of stable populations open to migration

Global Climate Change, Political Ecology and Migration

La sensibilidad de las comunidades a choques ambientales y de otro tipo ha empeorado por restructuraciones institucionales y sociales de gran envergadura en las &uacute;ltimas d&eacute;cadas, a lo que se suma que el cambio clim&aacute;tico continuar&aacute; teniendo gran impacto en el sustento y en la vida de dichas comunidades, especialmente en las que dependen m&aacute;s de &ldquo;servicios ecosist&eacute;micos&rdquo;. En este contexto, los impactos econ&oacute;micos, pol&iacute;ticos y sociales del cambio clim&aacute;tico (por ejemplo, en conflictos por la tenencia, uso y usufructo de recursos como la tierra, el agua y los minerales) se seguir&aacute;n reflejando en la posibilidad o el impedimento de antiguas y nuevas formas de migraci&oacute;n y desplazamiento. Este n&uacute;mero especial de la Revista de Estudios Sociales se enfoca en cinco estudios relacionados con el tema, los cuales aqu&iacute; presentamos. &nbsp; Communities&rsquo; sensitivity to environmental and other shocks has been exacerbated by major institutional and social restructuring in recent decades. This, in turn, is coupled with climate change, which will continue to have a major impact on the livelihoods and lives of these communities, especially those most dependent on &ldquo;ecosystem services&rdquo;. In this context, the economic, political and social impacts of climate change (e.g., in conflicts over tenure, use and enjoyment of resources such as land, water and minerals) will continue to be reflected in the potential or impediment of old and new forms of migration and displacement. This special issue of Revista de Estudios Sociales focuses on five related studies, presented here. &nbsp;</p

Cambio climático global, ecología política y migración

La sensibilidad de las comunidades a choques ambientales y de otro tipo ha empeorado por restructuraciones institucionales y sociales de gran envergadura en las últimas décadas, a lo que se suma que el cambio climático continuará teniendo gran impacto en el sustento y en la vida de dichas comunidades, especialmente en las que dependen más de “servicios ecosistémicos”. En este contexto, los impactos económicos, políticos y sociales del cambio climático (por ejemplo, en conflictos por la tenencia, uso y usufructo de recursos como la tierra, el agua y los minerales) se seguirán reflejando en la posibilidad o el impedimento de antiguas y nuevas formas de migración y desplazamiento. Este número especial de la Revista de Estudios Sociales se enfoca en cinco estudios relacionados con el tema, los cuales aquí presentamos.Communities' sensitivity to environmental and other shocks has been exacerbated by major institutional and social restructuring in recent decades. This, in turn, is coupled with climate change, which will continue to have a major impact on the livelihoods and lives of these communities, especially those most dependent on “ecosystem services”. In this context, the economic, political and social impacts of climate change (e.g., in conflicts over tenure, use and enjoyment of resources such as land, water and minerals) will continue to be reflected in the potential or impediment of old and new forms of migration and displacement. This special issue of Revista de Estudios Sociales focuses on five related studies, presented here.A sensibilidade das comunidades aos choques ambientais e de outro tipo vem piorando devido a reestruturações institucionais e sociais de grande dimensão nas últimas décadas, a que é somada a mudança climática, que continuará tendo forte impacto na sustentação e na vida dessas comunidades, especialmente as que dependem mais de “serviços ecossistêmicos”. Nesse contexto, os impactos econômicos, políticos e sociais do câmbio climático (por exemplo, conflitos pela posse, pelo uso e pelo usufruto de recursos como a terra, a água e os minerais) continuarão sendo refletidos na possibilidade ou no impedimento de antigas e novas formas de migração e deslocamento. Este número especial da Revista de Estudios Sociales apresenta cinco estudos focados nesse tema

On the age dynamics of learned societies— taking the example of the Austrian Academy of Sciences

In a hierarchical organisation of stable size the annual intake is strictly determined by the number of deaths and a statutory retirement age (if there is one). In this paper we reconstruct the population of the Austrian Academy of Sciences from 1847 to 2005. For the Austrian Academy of Sciences we observe a shift of its age distribution towards older ages, which on the one hand is due to rising life expectancy, i.e., a rising age at death, as well as to an increased age at entry on the other hand. Therefore the number of new entrants has been fluctuating considerably—especially reflecting several statutory changes—and the length of tenure before reaching the age limit has declined during the second half of the last century. Based on alternative scenarios of the age distribution of incoming members— including a young, an old, the ‘current’ and a mixed-age model—we then project the population of the Austrian Academy and its ageing forward in time. Our results indicate that the ‘optimum policy’ would be to elect either young or old aged new members

Climate change as migration driver from rural and urban Mexico

Studies investigating migration as a response to climate variability have largely focused on rural locations to the exclusion of urban areas. This lack of urban focus is unfortunate given the sheer numbers of urban residents and continuing high levels of urbanization. To begin filling this empirical gap, this study investigates climate change impacts on U.S.-bound migration from rural and urban Mexico, 1986–1999. We employ geostatistical interpolation methods to construct two climate change indices, capturing warm and wet spell duration, based on daily temperature and precipitation readings for 214 weather stations across Mexico. In combination with detailed migration histories obtained from the Mexican Migration Project, we model the influence of climate change on household-level migration from 68 rural and 49 urban municipalities. Results from multilevel event-history models reveal that a temperature warming and excessive precipitation significantly increased international migration during the study period. However, climate change impacts on international migration is only observed for rural areas. Interactions reveal a causal pathway in which temperature (but not precipitation) influences migration patterns through employment in the agricultural sector. As such, climate-related international migration may decline with continued urbanization and the resulting reductions in direct dependence of households on rural agriculture

Domestic and International Climate Migration from Rural Mexico

Evidence is increasing that climate change and variability may influence human migration patterns. However, there is less agreement regarding the type of migration streams most strongly impacted. This study tests whether climate change more strongly impacted international compared to domestic migration from rural Mexico during 1986-99. We employ eight temperature and precipitation-based climate change indices linked to detailed migration histories obtained from the Mexican Migration Project. Results from multilevel discrete-time event-history models challenge the assumption that climate-related migration will be predominantly short distance and domestic, but instead show that climate change more strongly impacted international moves from rural Mexico. The stronger climate impact on international migration may be explained by the self-insurance function of international migration, the presence of strong migrant networks, and climate-related changes in wage difference. While a warming in temperature increased international outmigration, higher levels of precipitation declined the odds of an international move

Undocumented migration in response to climate change

In the face of climate change-induced economic uncertainties, households may em-ploy migration as an adaptation strategy to diversify their livelihood portfolio through remit-tances. However, it is unclear whether such climate-related migration will be documented or undocumented. In this study we combined detailed migration histories with daily temperature and precipitation information from 214 weather stations to investigate whether climate change more strongly impacted undocumented or documented migrations from 68 rural Mexican mu-nicipalities to the U.S. from 1986−1999. We employed two measures of climate change, the warm spell duration index (WSDI) and precipitation during extremely wet days (R99PTOT). Results from multi-level event-history models demonstrated that climate-related international migration from rural Mexico was predominantly undocumented. We conclude that programs to facilitate climate change adaptations in rural Mexico may be more effective in reducing undo-cumented border crossings than increasing border fortification

Amplification or suppression: Social networks and the climate change-migration association in rural Mexico

Increasing rates of climate migration may be of economic and national concern to sending and destination countries. It has been argued that social networks the ties connecting an origin and destination may operate as migration corridors with the potential to strongly facilitate climate change-related migration. This study investigates whether social networks at the household and community levels amplify or suppress the impact of climate change on international migration from rural Mexico. A novel set of 15 climate change indices was generated based on daily temperature and precipitation data for 214 weather stations across Mexico. Employing geostatistical interpolation techniques, the climate change values were linked to 68 rural municipalities for which sociodemographic data and detailed migration histories were available from the Mexican Migration Project. Multi-level discrete-time event-history models were used to investigate the effect of climate change on international migration between 1986 and 1999. At the household level, the effect of social networks was approximated by comparing the first to the last move, assuming that through the first move a household establishes internal social capital. At the community level, the impact of social capital was explored through interactions with a measure of the proportion of adults with migration experience. The results show that rather than amplifying, social capital may suppress the sensitivity of migration to climate triggers, suggesting that social networks could facilitate climate change adaptation in place. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Preventing intimate partner violence among foreign-born Latinx mothers through relationship education during nurse home visiting

Aims This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of an augmented home visiting programme in preventing intimate partner violence among Latinx mothers by nativity. Background Intimate partner violence diminishes home visit programmes' effectiveness. Immigrant Latinx mothers are especially vulnerable and need culturally tailored prevention. Methods We performed secondary analyses of 33 US-born and 86 foreign-born Latinx mothers at baseline and 1- and 2-year follow-up in a longitudinal randomized controlled trial of the Nurse-Family Partnership programme augmented with nurse-delivered Within My Reach relationship education curriculum and violence screening and referrals in Oregon. We estimated proportional odds models via generalized estimating equations on total physical and sexual victimization and/or perpetration forms (an ordinal variable), adjusting for intervention, wave, age and education. Results The intervention&ndash;nativity interaction was not significant (p&thinsp;=&thinsp;.953). Foreign-born status was associated with lower reported violence at baseline (adjusted odds ratio: 0.29, 95% confidence interval: 0.13&ndash;0.67, p&thinsp;=&thinsp;.004). This association was marginally significant at 1-year follow-up (0.43, 0.17&ndash;1.08, p&thinsp;=&thinsp;.072) and not significant at 2-year follow-up (0.75, 0.33&ndash;1.67, p&thinsp;=&thinsp;.475). Conclusions This augmented programme was not effective for Latinx mothers by nativity. Their nativity gap diminished over time. Implications for Nursing Management Nursing leaders should support culturally tailored home visiting programmes to detect and prevent intimate partner violence affecting Latinx immigrants. Clinical Trial Registration: This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01811719. The full trial protocol can be accessed at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01811719. &nbsp;</p