Determinação de cádmio em tabaco por extração em fase sólida acoplado em linha ao espectrômetro de absorção atômica em chama

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Curso de Química.Neste estudo foi determinado cádmio em amostras de cigarro utilizando a técnica de extração em fase sólida associada a um sistema para a análise por injeção em fluxo e detecção em um espectrômetro de absorção atômica em chama. O metal foi complexado com o,o-dietilditiofosfato de amônio (95%) e retido em uma minicoluna preenchida com o sorvente sílica gel recoberto com octadecil (C18). O sistema consiste na retenção da espécie catiônica de Cd (II) em uma minicoluna preenchida com o sorvente selecionado. A avaliação da significância das variáveis do sistema proposto foi realizada utilizando-se o planejamento fatorial completo em dois níveis (N = 2k + C). Os fatores selecionados para este estudo foram vazão da amostra, pH e concentração de DDTP. A análise deste estudo foi feita através do gráfico de Pareto, sendo uma nova otimização requerida e realizada utilizando metodologia de superfície de resposta, denominada composto central. Esta segunda otimização partiu da melhor vazão obtida no gráfico de Pareto, sendo estudado um novo intervalo de pH e concentração do complexante. A partir deste planejamento foi obtido um valor de pH igual a 2,0 e uma concentração de DDTP equivalente a 1,0% (m/V). Com as variáveis otimizadas foram obtidos os parâmetros analíticos de mérito, sendo que a faixa linear trabalhada corresponde a 14,32 – 200 μg L-1; coeficiente de correlação equivalente a 0,99749; desvio padrão relativo igual a 7,41, limite de detecção de 4,34 μg L-1 e limite de quantificação igual a 14,32 μg L-1. As amostras de cigarro foram analisadas e apresentaram concentração de cádmio abaixo do limite de detecção

Clinical Outcomes of Thirteen Patients with Acute Chagas Disease Acquired through Oral Transmission from Two Urban Outbreaks in Northeastern Brazil

Chagas disease is caused by a parasitic protozoan transmitted to humans by the contaminated feces of blood-feeding assassin bugs from the Triatominae subfamily. It may also be transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy, by breastfeeding, blood transfusion or organ transplant. In rare cases, the disease can also be caused by accidental ingestion of contaminated food (sugar cane or açaí juice, drinking water, etc.). Acute Chagas disease often presents itself as a mononucleosis-like syndrome, with symptoms including fever, lymph node enlargement and muscle pain. The mortality rate of acute Chagas disease is high, mainly due to heart failure as a consequence of cardiac fiber lesions. There are few studies describing clinical outcomes and the disease progression of patients who receive therapeutic treatment, especially with regard to cardiac exam findings. In this report, the authors describe clinical findings from two micro-outbreaks occurring in impoverished towns in northeastern Brazil. Prior to receiving treatment, patient mortality rate was 28.6% in one of the outbreaks, and one pregnant woman experienced a spontaneous abortion due to the disease in the other outbreak. Most patients complained of fever, dyspnea, myalgia and periorbital edema. After receiving a two-month course of treatment, clinical symptoms improved and the number of abnormalities in cardiac exams decreased

Serological test results from 13 patients with acute Chagas disease in two urban outbreaks Bahia, Brazil, 2006.

<p>n/a: not available.</p><p>cases 1–5: samples collected on May 5, 10 and 15, 2006 (almost 30 days after exposure); cases 6,7: no samples collected (patients died before Chagas disease was confirmed) <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000711#pntd.0000711-Dias2" target="_blank">[8]</a>.</p><p>cases 8–13: samples collected on October, 8, 2006 (almost 60 days after exposure). Parasitological tests (thick smear or blood culture): samples processed by FIOCRUZ/Bahia and Couto Maia Hospital, Bahia, Brazil); IFAT (Indirect immunofluorescence antibody test): samples processed by LACEN-Bahia, Brazil and FUNED- Minas Gerais, Brazil; ELISA (IgM): samples processed by FUNED- Minas Gerais, Brazil; Elisa with recombinant antigens <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000711#pntd.0000711-Houghton1" target="_blank">[20]</a>: samples processed by Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.</p

Frequencies of signs and symptoms of thirteen patients with acute Chagas disease from Macaúbas and Ibipitanga, Bahia-Brazil.

<p>Frequencies of signs and symptoms of thirteen patients with acute Chagas disease from Macaúbas and Ibipitanga, Bahia-Brazil.</p

Clinical outcome, electrocardiogram (EKG) and Two-dimensional Doppler Echocardiography (ECHO) of thirteen patients with acute Chagas disease from Macaúbas and Ibipitanga, Bahia, Brazil, after benznidazole treatment.

<p>Patient #6 and 7 died before evaluation.</p>¥<p>performed 180 days after the end of benzonidazol treatment.</p><p>*MR = Mitral Regurgitation; PE_F = Pericardic Effusion; SD = Septum Dyskinesis; DDLV = diastolic Disfunction of Left Ventricule, RBBB = right bundle branch block, DVR = Disturbance of Ventricular Repolarization, AFib = Atrial Fibrillation, SB = Sinus Bradcardia, TI = Tricuspid Regurgitation.</p><p>EKG according the AHA/ACCF/HRS 2009 Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000711#pntd.0000711-Surawicz1" target="_blank">[21]</a> and Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology 2009 <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000711#pntd.0000711-Pastore1" target="_blank">[22]</a>.</p><p>ECHO according the ACC/AHA 2006 practice guidelines <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000711#pntd.0000711-Bonow1" target="_blank">[23]</a> and ASE committee recommendations <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000711#pntd.0000711-Lang1" target="_blank">[24]</a>.</p

Evaluation of the roughness and mass loss of the flowable composites after simulated toothbrushing abrasion Avaliação da rugosidade e da perda de massa de resinas compostas "flow" após escovação simulada

The purpose of this study was to measure mass loss and surface roughness changes of different brands of flowable resin composites after a simulated toothbrushing test. The null hypotheses were that there would be no differences in mass loss and no significant changes in surface roughness after this test and that there would be no correlation between the two variables. The tested materials were Aeliteflo (Bisco), Flow-It (Pentron), Flow-It LF (Pentron), Natural Flow (DFL) and Wave (SDI). Z100 (3M/ESPE) microhybrid and Silux Plus (3M/ESPE) microfilled resin composites were used as control materials. Twelve specimens (5 mm in diameter, 3 mm thick) of each material were prepared according to manufacturers' instructions. Toothbrushing abrasion was performed on all specimens from each of the materials using a simulator. The percentage mass loss and surface roughness were assessed before and after 100,000 brushstrokes, using a Sartorius analytical balance of 0.0001 g accuracy and a Hommel Tester T1000, respectively. The measurements of both properties were statistically compared by paired t-test and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). All materials presented a statistically significant mass loss comparing initial and final values, with the exception of Flow-It LF. However, no difference was revealed when comparing the mass loss of the different tested materials. All materials became rougher and Wave presented statistically higher roughness compared to the other resin composites. Flowable resin composites did not seem to be superior to the control groups, and they can be expected to wear by mass loss and to have an increased roughness of surface after toothbrushing action. The anticipated null hypotheses were partially accepted.<br>O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar a perda de massa e as alterações de rugosidade superficial de diferentes marcas de resinas compostas "flow" após teste de escovação simulada. A hipótese nula testada foi de que não haveria diferença de massa e rugosidade de superfície após o teste e de que não haveria correlação entre essas variáveis. Os materiais testados foram: Aeliteflo (Bisco), Flow-It (Pentron), Flow-It LF (Pentron), Natural Flow (DFL) e Wave (SDI). As resinas compostas Z100 (3M/ESPE) e Silux Plus (3M/ESPE) foram utilizadas como controle. Doze espécimes (5 mm de diâmetro, 3 mm de espessura) de cada material foram confeccionados de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. O teste foi conduzido em uma máquina de escovação simulada, em todos os espécimes de todos os materiais, totalizando 100.000 ciclos. Antes e depois do teste, a massa e a rugosidade de cada material foram aferidas por uma balança analítica Sartorius de 0,0001 g de precisão e pelo equipamento Hommel Tester T1000, respectivamente. Os valores obtidos foram comparados pelos testes t-pareado e Tukey (p < 0,05). Todos os materiais apresentaram diferenças estatísticas de perda de massa entre os valores iniciais e finais, com exceção da resina Flow-It LF. Entretanto, nenhuma diferença foi observada quando se comparou a porcentagem de perda de massa entre os diferentes materiais testados. Todos os materiais tornaram-se mais rugosos, sendo Wave, estatisticamente, o mais rugoso. As resinas compostas "flow" não demonstraram superioridade em relação aos materiais de controle, devendo-se esperar o desgaste por perda de massa do material e maior rugosidade após a ação da escovação. A hipótese nula antecipada foi parcialmente aceita

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundEstimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period.Methods22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution.FindingsGlobal all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations.InterpretationGlobal adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic