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Using Twitter Post Data to Ascertain the Sentiment of Alcohol-related Blackouts in the United States

Research shows variability in how alcohol-related blackouts (periods of memory loss during/after drinking) are subjectively evaluated. We accessed 3.5 million original Tweets written in the U.S. between July 2009 and February 2020 that referenced blackouts, and coded the sentiment (positive or negative) of those Tweets, using the machine learning function of a Twitter-sponsored commercial platform. The sentiment of Tweets was examined by day of week and compared to the sentiment of blackout Tweets on certain holidays to non-celebration matched days. Tweets were more likely to have a positive (73%) than negative sentiment, and positive Tweets were more common during weekends. Relative to typical non-celebratory weekends, a greater proportion of blackout Tweets were positive around Thanksgiving and New Year’s Eve, though differences were not observed relative to several other celebratory periods (e.g., Superbowl). Results have implications for online interventions, which can use social networking sites to target alcohol during high-risk periods

Calibration algorithm development for selected water content reflectometers to organic soils of Alaska

Water content reflectometry is a method used by many commercial manufacturers of affordable sensors to electronically estimate soil moisture content. Field-deployable and handheld water content reflectometry probes were used in a variety of organic soil-profile types in Alaska. These probes were calibrated using 65 organic soil samples harvested from these burned and unburned, primarily moss-dominated sites in the boreal forest. Probe output was compared with gravimetrically measured volumetric moisture content, to produce calibration algorithms for surface-down-inserted handheld probes in specific soil-profile types, as well as field-deployable horizontally inserted probes in specific organic soil horizons. General organic algorithms for each probe type were also developed. Calibrations are statistically compared to determine their suitability. The resulting calibrations showed good agreement with in situvalidation and varied from the default mineral-soil-based calibrations by 20% or more. These results are of particular interest to researchers measuring soil moisture content with water content reflectometry probes in soils with high organic content

Quantitative comparison of the microscopic anatomy of the human ACL femoral and tibial entheses

The femoral enthesis of the human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is known to be more susceptible to injury than the tibial enthesis. To determine whether anatomic differences might help explain this difference, we quantified the microscopic appearance of both entheses in 15 unembalmed knee specimens using light microscopy, toluidine blue stain and image analysis. The amount of calcified fibrocartilage and uncalcified fibrocartilage, and the ligament entheseal attachment angle were then compared between the femoral and tibial entheses via linear mixed‐effects models. The results showed marked differences in anatomy between the two entheses. The femoral enthesis exhibited a 3.9‐fold more acute ligament attachment angle than the tibial enthesis (p < 0.001), a 43% greater calcified fibrocartilage tissue area (p < 0.001), and a 226% greater uncalcified fibrocartilage depth (p < 0.001), with the latter differences being particularly pronounced in the central region. We conclude that the ACL femoral enthesis has more fibrocartilage and a more acute ligament attachment angle than the tibial enthesis, which provides insight into why it is more vulnerable to failure. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1811–1817, 2015.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/115953/1/jor22966.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/115953/2/jor22966_am.pd

An intercept study to measure the extent to which New Zealand university students pre-game

Abstract Objective: We aimed to quantify the degree to which students pre‐gamed in New Zealand, using self‐report and breathalysers. Methods: A total of 569 New Zealand undergraduate students were interviewed (men = 45.2%; first year = 81.4%) entering three university‐run concerts. We asked participants to report how many drinks they had consumed, their self‐reported intoxication and the duration of their pre‐gaming session. We then recorded participants' Breath Alcohol Concentration (BrAC; µg/L) and the time they arrived at the event. Results: The number of participants who reported consuming alcohol before the event was 504 (88.6%) and the number of standard drinks consumed was high (M=6.9; median=6.0). A total of 237 (41.7%) participants could not have their BrAC recorded due to having consumed alcohol ≤10 minutes before the interview. The remaining 332 participants (57.3%) recorded a mean BrAC of 288.8µg/L (median=280.0 µg/L). Gender, off‐campus accommodation, length of pre‐gaming drinking session, and time of arrival at the event were all associated with increased pre‐gaming. Conclusion and implications for public health: Pre‐gaming was the norm for students. Universities must take pre‐gaming into account; policy implications include earlier start times of events and limiting students' access to alcohol prior to events

The Oxytocin Receptor Gene (OXTR) Variant rs53576 Is Not Related to Emotional Traits or States in Young Adults

Background: To understand the genetic underpinnings of emotion, researchers have studied genetic variants in the oxytocin system, a hormone and neurotransmitter important to socio-emotional functioning. The oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) variant rs53576 has been associated with emotional traits such as positive affect and related constructs such as optimism and self-esteem. Individuals carrying the A allele (AG and AA genotypes) of rs53576 have been found to score lower in these traits when compared to GG homozygotes, although not always. Given recent mixed evidence regarding this polymorphism, replication of these associations is critical.Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, the present study tested the association between rs53576 and a wide variety of emotional traits and states in a sample of 611 young adults ages 18 – 25 of various ethnicities (European, Asian, Māori/Pacific Islander, other). Participants completed standard trait measures of positive and negative affect, depressive symptoms, life engagement, psychological well-being, optimism, and self-esteem. They also completed state measures of positive and negative affect and life engagement for 13-days using Internet daily diaries.Results: Controlling for ethnicity and gender, variation at the OXTR variant rs53576 obtained from blood samples was not related to any of the emotional traits or states. This null finding occurred despite measuring emotions in “near to real time” using daily diaries and having sufficient power to detect a medium effect size difference between homozygous genotype groups.Conclusion: These findings suggest that variation at the rs53576 locus may not be as involved in emotional differences as initial studies suggested