Human History of Maritime Exploitation and Adaptation Process to Coastal and Marine Environments – A View from the Case of Wallacea and the Pacific

This chapter introduce the archaeological new findings and current outcomes for the past human marine exploitation and maritime or coastal adaptation particularly in the Wallacea region where I have studied for long time. One of the oldest and important data I discuss here is from Jerimalai Cave site from East Timor and Leang Sarru site from Talaud Islands. The finds from East Timor demonstrate the high level of maritime skills and technology possessed by the modern humans who colonized Wallacea. These skills would have made possible the occupation of the faunally depauperate islands of Wallacea and facilitated the early maritime colonization of Australia and Near Oceania. On the other hand, Leang Sarru site dated back to 35,000 years ago on Talaud Islands where located over 100 km away from neighbour islands. The site also produced large number of marine shells from the late Pleistocene via Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the early Holocene, then we can also discuss the past maritime exploitation and adaptation from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene in the Talaud Islands, where located in Northern part of Wallacea. During the Holocene after 12,000 years ago, various capture technology invented, and great variety of fish and shellfish species had been exploited by modern human. Especially the fishing technology and Ocean navigation technology were developed after the Neolithic times in Wallacea to the Pacific. Most famous archaeological records related them are the Lapita migration and colonization to many islands in Melanesia to Western Polynesia where were mostly uninhabited islands before them. After the Lapita colonization, the Polynesians who are the descendant of Lapita people succeeded to colonize Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand by the 12th to 13th centuries. The distance to these islands from their neighbour islands or continent is over 4000 km, hence the success of migration by the Polynesian clearly indicate their maritime adaption and navigation technology were highly developed. In fact, it is a dramatic event that modern human succeeded to migrate to all over the world except North and South Pole when the colonization to New Zealand was done by the Polynesians. It also shows that marine environment were our last target for migration and colonization in this world after the human birthed in and around inner forest environment over 600 million years ago. This chapter also discuss such developments of marine exploitation and maritime adaptation after the Holocene or Neolithic to modern times, then reviewing the human adaptation history to coastal and marine environments

Tembikar dari Situs Gua Topogaro, Kabupaten Morowali, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah

Gua Topogaro merupakan salah satu situs dengan temuan berupa fragmen tembikar yang berada di wilayah Sulawesi Tengah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk dan ragam hias pada tembikar Situs Gua Topogaro. Analisis bentuk meliputi profil dan ukuran. Sementara analisis ragam hias dilakukan dengan mengamati motif hias, teknik hias dan warna hias pada permukaan tembikar. Ditemukan empat jenis wadah tembikar yaitu periuk, kendi, tempayan dan mangkuk. Terdapat 57 motif hias yang dihasilkan dari beberapa teknik hias diantaranya teknik gores, tekan, cukil dan tempel. Penerapan warna hiasan putih ditemukan pada sebagian besar fragmen tembikar berhias. Dilihat dari bentuk dan ragam hiasnya menunjukkan bahwa, tembikar Situs Gua Topogaro mendapat pengaruh dari dua tradisi tembikar yaitu Tradisi Sa Huynh-Kalanay yang berkembang di Asia Tenggara Kepulauan dan Tradisi Lapita yang berkembang di Pasifik. Gua Topogaro is one of the sites with pottery fragments findings in the Central Sulawesi. This study aims to determine the shape and variety of decoration on the pottery of Gua Topogaro. Shape analysis includes profile and size. While the analysis of the decoration variety is done by observing decorative motifs, decorative techniques and decorative colors on the surface of the pottery. There are four types of pottery that is pots, jugs, jars, and bowls. There are 57 decorative motifs produced from several decorative techniques including incised, impressed, excised and applied. The application of white decorative colors is found in most decorated pottery fragments. Based on the shape and variety of decoration, the pottery from Gua Topogaro is affected by two pottery tradition: the Sa Huynh-Kalanay Tradition that developed in Southeast Asia Archipelago and the Lapita Tradition that developed in Pacific

Island Migration, Resource Use, and Lithic Technology by Anatomically Modern Humans in Wallacea

Island migration and adaptation including both marine and terrestrial resource use and technological development by anatomically modern humans (AMH) are among the most significant issues for Pleistocene archaeology in Southeast Asia and Oceania, and directly related to the behavioral and technological advancements by AMH. This paper discusses such cases in the Wallacean islands, located between the past Sundaland and the Sahul continent during the Pleistocene. The Pleistocene open sea gaps between the Wallacean islands and both landmasses are very likely the major factor for the relative scarcity of animal species originating from Asia and Oceania and the high diversity of endemic species in Wallacea. They were also a barrier for hominin migration into the Wallacean islands and Sahul continent. We summarize three recent excavation results on the Talaud Islands, Sulawesi Island and Mindoro Island in Wallacea region and discuss the evidence and timeline for migrations of early modern humans into the Wallacean islands and their adaptation to island environments during the Pleistocene

The Development of Pottery Making Traditions and Maritime Networks during the Early Metal Age in Northern Maluku Islands

Abstrak. Perkembangan Tradisi Pembuatan Tembikar dan Jejaring Maritim pada Masa Logam Awal di Bagian Utara Kepulauan Maluku.Selama masa Neolitik atau Jaman Logam Awal setelah 2300 sampai 2000 tahun BP di Wallacea, migrasi manusia dan jaringan maritim menjadi lebih berkembang. Melalui bukti linguistik, misalnya, trans-migrasi oleh kelompok berbahasa Austronesia dan kelompok berbahasa Papua atau bukti arkeologi seperti perluasan dan pengembangan tembikar yang memiliki kemiripan membuat tradisi ini menjadi bukti sejarah adanya perdagangan rempah-rempah dengan China, India dan lebih jauh ke arah Barat lainnya dalam studi kasus di Maluku. Kedatangan budaya logam (baik perunggu maupun besi) dan bahan kaca dinilai penting karena mungkin menunjukkan pengembangan lebih lanjut jaringan migrasi dan perdagangan manusia yang aktif di wilayah ini. Dengan berpijak pada pemahaman tersebut, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan bukti-bukti kedatangan budaya logam di Maluku Utara sebagai indikasi jaringan migrasi dan perdagangan masa lalu. Ekskavasi sebagai pendekatan penelitian dilakukan pada situs baru di Maluku Utara antara tahun 2012-2014. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa Situs terbuka Gorua di pesisir timur laut Pulau Halmahera (Kabupaten Tobelo) merupakan salah satu dari situs-situs tersebut yang berumur sekitar 2300-2000 tahun BP (atau 300-50 SM). Sekaligus menjadi penanda perkembangan pembuatan tembikar dan pola jaringan maritim di Kawasan Maluku Utara pada masa Paleometalik/Perundagian. Abstract. During the post Neolithic times or Early Metal Age, after 2300 to 2000 years BP, in Wallacea human migrations and maritime networks were more developed. Through linguistic evidence, for instance the trans-migration by Austronesian language speaking groups and Papuan language speaking groups, or archaeological evidences such as expansion and development of similar pottery, make the traditions a historical evidence for the spice trade with China, India, and further West for the Maluku case. The arrival of metal (both bronze and iron) and glass materials is also considered important due to the fact that it possibly shows further development of active human migrations and trade networks in that region. On the basis of such backgrounds and understanding, the aim of this research is to uncover evidences of the arrival of metal culture in Northern Maluku as an indication of migration and trade networks in the past. Excavations as research approach were carried out at some new sites in Northern Maluku during 2012-2014. Results show that an open site, Gorua, on the eastern coast of Halmahera Island (Tobelo Regency) is one of the sites, which dates to around 2300-2000 years BP (or 300-50 BC). It also marks the development of pottery-making and the pattern of maritime network within the Northern Maluku Islands during the Early Metal Age

Amerta: jurnal penelitian dan pengembangan arkeologi vol. 35, no. 2, Desember 2017

AMERTA, Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi merupakan sarana publikasi dan informasi hasil penelitian dan pengembangan di bidang arkeologi dan ilmu terkait. Jurnal ini menyajikan artikel orisinal, tentang pengetahuan dan informasi hasil penelitian atau aplikasi hasil penelitian dan pengembangan terkini dalam bidang arkeologi dan ilmu terkait seperti kimia, biologi, geologi, paleontologi, dan antropologi. Sejak tahun 1955, AMERTA sudah menjadi wadah publikasi hasil penelitian arkeologi, kemudian tahun 1985 menjadi AMERTA, Berkala Arkeologi. Sesuai dengan perkembangan keilmuan, pada tahun 2006 menjadi AMERTA, Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi. Pengajuan artikel di jurnal ini dilakukan secara online ke http://jurnalarkeologi.kemdikbud. go.id/index.php/amerta. Informasi lengkap untuk pemuatan artikel dan petunjuk penulisan terdapat di halaman akhir dalam setiap terbitan. Artikel yang masuk akan melalui proses seleksi Dewan Redaksi. Semua tulisan di dalam jurnal ini dilindungi oleh Hak Atas Kekayaan Intelektual (HAKI). Mengutip dan meringkas artikel; gambar; dan tabel dari jurnal ini harus mencantumkan sumber. Selain itu, menggandakan artikel atau jurnal harus mendapat izin penulis. Jurnal ini terbit dua kali setahun pada bulan Juni dan Desember, diedarkan untuk masyarakat umum dan akademik baik di dalam maupun luar negeri

Targeting critical kinases and anti-apoptotic molecules overcomes steroid resistance in MLL-rearranged leukaemia.

BACKGROUND: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with mixed lineage leukaemia gene rearrangement (MLL-ALL) frequently affects infants and is associated with a poor prognosis. Primary refractory and relapsed disease due to resistance to glucocorticoids (GCs) remains a substantial hurdle to improving clinical outcomes. In this study, we aimed to overcome GC resistance of MLL-ALL. METHODS: Using leukaemia patient specimens, we performed bioinformatic analyses to identify target genes/pathways. To test inhibition of target pathways in vivo, we created pre-clinical therapeutic mouse patient-derived xenograft (PDX)-models by transplanting human MLL-ALL leukaemia initiating cells (LIC) into immune-deficient NSG mice. Finally, we conducted B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) homology domain 3 (BH3) profiling to identify BH3 peptides responsible for treatment resistance in MLL-leukaemia. FINDINGS: Src family kinases (SFKs) and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) signaling pathway were over-represented in MLL-ALL cells. PDX-models of infant MLL- ALL recapitulated GC-resistance in vivo but RK-20449, an inhibitor of SFKs and FLT3 eliminated human MLL-ALL cells in vivo, overcoming GC-resistance. Further, we identified BCL-2 dependence as a mechanism of treatment resistance in MLL-ALL through BH3 profiling. Furthermore, MLL-ALL cells resistant to RK-20449 treatment were dependent on the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein for their survival. Combined inhibition of SFKs/FLT3 by RK-20449 and of BCL-2 by ABT-199 led to substantial elimination of MLL-ALL cells in vitro and in vivo. Triple treatment combining GCs, RK-20449 and ABT-199 resulted in complete elimination of MLL-ALL cells in vivo. INTERPRETATION: SFKs/FLT3 signaling pathways are promising targets for treatment of treatment-resistant MLL-ALL. Combined inhibition of these kinase pathways and anti-apoptotic BCL-2 successfully eliminated highly resistant MLL-ALL and demonstrated a new treatment strategy for treatment-resistant poor-outcome MLL-ALL. FUNDING: This study was supported by RIKEN (RIKEN President\u27s Discretionary Grant) for FI, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (the Basic Science and Platform Technology Program for Innovative Biological Medicine for FI and by NIH CA034196 for LDS. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation nor writing of the report

Co-activation of macrophages and T cells contribute to chronic GVHD in human IL-6 transgenic humanised mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Graft-versus host disease (GVHD) is a complication of stem cell transplantation associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Non-specific immune-suppression, the mainstay of treatment, may result in immune-surveillance dysfunction and disease recurrence. METHODS: We created humanised mice model for chronic GVHD (cGVHD) by injecting cord blood (CB)-derived human CD34 FINDINGS: In cGVHD humanised mice, we found activation of T cells in the spleen, lung, liver, and skin, activation of macrophages in lung and liver, and loss of appendages in skin, obstruction of bronchioles in lung and portal fibrosis in liver recapitulating cGVHD. Acute GVHD humanised mice showed activation of T cells with skewed TCR repertoire without significant macrophage activation. INTERPRETATION: Using humanised mouse models, we demonstrated distinct immune mechanisms contributing acute and chronic GVHD. In cGVHD model, co-activation of human HSPC-derived macrophages and T cells educated in the recipient thymus contributed to delayed onset, multi-organ disease. In acute GVHD model, mature human T cells contained in the graft resulted in rapid disease progression. These humanised mouse models may facilitate future development of new molecular medicine targeting GVHD

Human NK cell development in hIL-7 and hIL-15 knockin NOD/SCID/IL2rgKO mice.

The immune system encompasses acquired and innate immunity that matures through interaction with microenvironmental components. Cytokines serve as environmental factors that foster functional maturation of immune cells. Although NOD/SCID/IL2rgKO (NSG) humanized mice support investigation of human immunity in vivo, a species barrier between human immune cells and the mouse microenvironment limits human acquired as well as innate immune function. To study the roles of human cytokines in human acquired and innate immune cell development, we created NSG mice expressing hIL-7 and hIL-15. Although hIL-7 alone was not sufficient for supporting human NK cell development in vivo, increased frequencies of human NK cells were confirmed in multiple organs of hIL-7 and hIL-15 double knockin (hIL-7xhIL-15 KI) NSG mice engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells. hIL-7xhIL-15 KI NSG humanized mice provide a valuable in vivo model to investigate development and function of human NK cells

Co-activation of macrophages and T cells contribute to chronic GVHD in human IL-6 transgenic humanised mouse model

京都大学0048新制・課程博士博士(医学)甲第22147号医博第4538号新制||医||1039(附属図書館)京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻(主査)教授 濵﨑 洋子, 教授 竹内 理, 教授 髙折 晃史学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Medical ScienceKyoto UniversityDFA