Forbidden emission lines in protostellar outflows and jets with MUSE

Context. Forbidden emission lines in protoplanetary disks are a key diagnostic in studies of the evolution of the disk and the host star. They signal potential disk accretion or wind, outflow, or jet ejection processes of the material that affects the angular momentum transport of the disk as a result. Aims. We report spatially resolved emission lines, namely, [O i] λλ6300, 6363, [N ii] λλ6548, 6583, Hα, and [S ii] λλ6716, 6730 that are believed to be associated with jets and magnetically driven winds in the inner disks, due to the proximity to the star, as suggested in previous works from the literature. With a resolution of 0.025×0.025 arcsec2 , we aim to derive the position angle of the outflow/jet (PAoutflow/jet) that is connected with the inner disk. We then compare it with the position angle of the dust (PAdust) obtained from previous constraints for the outer disk. We also carry out a simple analysis of the kinematics and width of the lines and we estimate the mass-loss rate based on the [O i] λ6300 line for five T Tauri stars. Methods. Observations were carried out with the optical integral field spectrograph of the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE), at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). The instrument spatially resolves the forbidden lines, providing a unique capability to access the spatial extension of the outflows/jets that make the estimate of the PAoutflow/jet possible from a geometrical point of view. Results. The forbidden emission lines analyzed here have their origin at the inner parts of the protoplanetary disk. From the maximum intensity emission along the outflow/jet in DL Tau, CI Tau, DS Tau, IP Tau, and IM Lup, we were able to reliably measure the PAoutflow/jet for most of the identified lines. We found that our estimates agree with PAdust for most of the disks. These estimates depend on the signal-to-noise level and the collimation of the outflow (jet). The outflows/jets in CIDA 9, GO Tau, and GW Lup are too compact for a PAoutflow/jet to be estimated. Based on our kinematics analysis, we confirm that DL Tau and CI Tau host a strong outflow/jet with line-of-sight velocities much greater than 100 km s−1 , whereas DS Tau, IP Tau, and IM Lup velocities are lower and their structures encompass low-velocity components to be more associated with winds. Our estimates for the mass-loss rate, M˙ loss, range between (1.1-6.5) ×10−7 -10−8 M yr−1 for the disk-outflow/jet systems analyzed here. Conclusions. The outflow/jet systems analyzed here are aligned within around 1◦ between the inner and outer disk. Further observations are needed to confirm a potential misalignment in IM Lup

Giardia

The intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia , Giardia intestinalis ) causes diarrhoea in humans and animals worldwide. The life cycle of G. duodenalis consists of two stages, the fl agellated trophozoite proliferating in the upper part of the small intestine and the non proliferative cyst representing the infectious stage of the parasite. Both stages can be handled in vitro and in vivo. Trophozoites are pear-shaped, motile cells exhibiting a convex dorsal and a concave ventral side. The cell body is formed by a microtubule cytoskeleton. The whole genome contained in two diploid nuclei per trophozoite has been sequenced and characterised. It has some prokaryote-like features such as short promoter sequences. Moreover, some key enzymes of energy and intermediate metabolisms share common features with prokaryotic enzymes and may have been acquired by lateral transfer. Giardia does not contain mitochondria and peroxisomes, but mitosomes, most likely an evolutionarily reduced version of a mitochondrion. The energy metabolism is chemoheterotrophic and works under anaerobic or semiaerobic conditions with glucose as main energy and carbon source and arginine as another important energy source. The present book chapter selectively reviews current knowledge in Giardia research highlighting its basic genetic, physiological and, to a lower extent, its immunological properties. Furthermore, this chapter also shows that G. duodenalis is a suitable cellular model system for the investigation of fundamental biological principles

Raman characterization and chemical imaging of biocolloidal self-assemblies, drug delivery systems, and pulmonary inhalation aerosols: A review

This review presents an introduction to Raman scattering and describes the various Raman spectroscopy, Raman microscopy, and chemical imaging techniques that have demonstrated utility in biocolloidal self-assemblies, pharmaceutical drug delivery systems, and pulmonary research applications. Recent Raman applications to pharmaceutical aerosols in the context of pulmonary inhalation aerosol delivery are discussed. The “molecular fingerprint” insight that Raman applications provide includes molecular structure, drug-carrier/excipient interactions, intramolecular and intermolecular bonding, surface structure, surface and interfacial interactions, and the functional groups involved therein. The molecular, surface, and interfacial properties that Raman characterization can provide are particularly important in respirable pharmaceutical powders, as these particles possess a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio; hence, understanding the nature of these solid surfaces can enable their manipulation and tailoring for functionality at the nanometer level for targeted pulmonary delivery and deposition. Moreover, Raman mapping of aerosols at the micro- and nanometer level of resolution is achievable with new, sophisticated, commercially available Raman microspectroscopy techniques. This noninvasive, highly versatile analytical and imaging technique exhibits vast potential for in vitro and in vivo molecular investigations of pulmonary aerosol delivery, lung deposition, and pulmonary cellular drug uptake and disposition in unfixed living pulmonary cells