Arithmetic Convergence of Double-iterated Polynomials

Let $f$ be a polynomial with integer coefficients such that $f(n)$ positive for any positive integer $n$. We consider diverging sequences $\{ y_n\}$ given by $y_0 = b$ and $y_{n+1} = f^{y_n}(a)$ with positive integers $a$ and $b$. We show such a sequence converges in $\widehat{\mathbb{Z}}$ and the limit is independent of $b$, if and only if $f$ does not become a permutation of length $p$ on $\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}$ for any prime number $p$. We also show that $b'$-adic asymptotic approximations of the equation $f^y(a) = y$ holds in $\mathbb{N}$ for some bases $b'$.Comment: 18 page

The action of Raney nickel on halo-nitrobenzenes

M.S.James A. Stanfiel

Kecap Bilangan Panangtu Dina Basa Sunda : ulikan struktur jeung semantik

Ieu panalungtikan miboga tujuan umum pikeun maluruh struktur jeung ma’na kecap bilangan panangtu dina basa Sunda. Tujuan hususna nya éta pikeun mikanyaho jeung ngadéskripsikeun genep hal, nya éta: 1) Jumlah kecap bilangan panangtu dina basa Sunda, 2) wangun kecap bilangan panangtu dina basa Sunda, 3) fungsi kecap bilangan panangtu dina basa Sunda, 4) distribusi kecap bilangan panangtu dina basa Sunda, 5) acuan barang kecap bilangan panangtu dina basa Sunda, jeung 6) ma’na acuan kecap bilangan panangtu dina basa Sunda. Sumber data ieu panalungtikan aya dua nya éta sumber data lisan jeung sumber data tulis. Métode anu digunakeun dina ieu panalungtikan nya éta métode déskriptif. Téhnik nu digunakeun pikeun ngumpulkeun data nya éta téhnik téks jeung téhnik wawancara. Dumasar kana hasil panalungtikan, lamun dipedar hiji-hiji jadi kieu: 1) /sa-/ + kecap barang aya 210 kecap, kecap-kecap éta umumna ngabogaan ma’na alat; 2) /sa-/ + kecap barang + /-an/ aya 2 kecap, kecap-kecap éta umumna ngabogaan ma’na kecap barang jumlah; 3) /sa-/ + ukuran + kecap barang aya 4 kecap, kecap-kecap éta umumna nuduhkeun ma’na alat anu nuduhkeun ukuran; 4) /sa-/ + kecap pagawéan aya 38 kecap, kecap-kecap éta umumna ngabogaan ma’na paripolah awak/paripolah sabagian awak; 5) /sa-/ + kecap pagawéan + /-an/ aya 6 kecap, kecap-kecap éta umumna ngabogaan ma’na kecap barang alat; 6) /sa-/ + /pang-/ + kecap pagawéan aya sakecap, kecap éta ngabogaan ma’na kecap barang alat; 7) /sa-/ + kecap pancén aya 5 kecap, kecap-kecap éta umumna ngabogaan ma’na aspek inkoatif. Fungsi kecap bilangan panangtu basa Sunda dibagi jadi dua tataran nya éta tataran frasa jeung tataran klausa atawa kalimah. Distribusi kecap bilangan panangtu dibagi jadi dua nya éta distribusi post-nominal jeung distribusi pre-nominal. Kecap bilangan panangtu ngabogaan dua ma’na nya éta ma’na kecap jeung ma’na acuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur dan makna dalam kata bilangan panangtu bahasa Sunda. Tujuan khususnya, yaitu: 1) Jumlah kata bilangan panangtu dalam bahasa Sunda, 2) bentuk kata bilangan panangtu dalam bahasa Sunda, 3) fungsi kata bilangan panangtu dalam bahasa Sunda, 4) distribusi kata bilangan panangtu dalam bahasa Sunda, 5) acuan benda kata bilangan panangtu dalam bahasa Sunda, dan 6) makna acuan kata bilangan panangtu dalam bahasa Sunda. Sumber data dari penelitian ini ada dua yaitu sumber data lisan dan sumber data tulis. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu metode deskriptif. Teknik yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data adalah teknik teks dan teknik wawancara. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, jika diuraikan akan seperti ini: 1) /sa-/ + kata barang ada 210 kata, kata-kata tersebut umumnya memiliki makna alat; 2) /sa-/ + kata barang + /-an/ ada 2 kata, kata-kata tersebut umumnya memiliki makna kata barang jumlah; 3) /sa-/ + ukuran + kata barang ada 4 kata, kata-kata tersebut umumnya memiliki makna alat yang menunjukkan ukuran; 4) /sa-/ + kata kerja ada 38 kata, kata-kata tersebut umumnya memiliki makna paripolah badan/paripolah sebagian anggota badan; 5) /sa-/ + kata kerja + /-an/ ada 6 kata, kata-kata tersebut umumnya memiliki makna kata barang alat; 6) /sa-/ + /pang-/ + kata kerja ada satu kata, kata-kata tersebut umumnya memiliki makna kata barang alat; 7) /sa-/ + kata sifat ada 5 kata, kata-kata tersebut umumnya memiliki makna aspek inkoatif.. Fungsi kata bilangan panangtu bahasa Sunda dibagi menjadi dua tataran yaitu tataran frasa dan tataran klausa atau kalimat. Distribusi kata ada hubungannya dengan posisi antara kata bilangan panangtu dengan kata benda yang menjadi pusatnya. Distribusi kata bilangan panangtu dibagi jadi dua yaitu distribusi post-nominal dan distribusi pre-nominal. Kata bilangan panangtu mempunyai dua makna yaitu makna kata dan makna acuan. The general aims of this research are to investigate the structure and meaning of Determiner Numerals in Sundanese language. Whereas the special aims are knowing and describe six points, those are: 1) The amount of Determiner Numerals in Sundanese language, 2) the form of Determiner Numerals in Sundanese language, 3) the function of Determiner Numerals in Sundanese language, 4) the distribution of Determiner Numerals in Sundanese language, 5) the article reference of Determiner Numerals in Sundanese language, and 6) the meaning of Determiner Numerals in Sundanese language. There are two kinds of data source of this research, spoken/oral data source and written data source. The method used in this research is descriptive method. The technique used to collect data is text technique and interview technique. According to the research result, if we describe one by one will be like these: 1) /sa-/ + article word, there are 210 words, in general those words have tool meaning; 2) /sa-/ + article word + /-an/, there are 2 words, in general those words have number quantity meaning; 3) /sa-/ + size + article word, there are 4 words, in general those words have size tool meaning; 4) /sa-/ + task word, there are 38 words, in general those words have body gesture meaning; 5) /sa-/ + task word + /-an/, there are 6 words, in general those words have tool meaning; 6) /sa-/ + /pang-/ + task word, there is a word, in general that word has tool meaning; 7) /sa-/ + verb, there are 5 words, in general those words have inkoatif aspect meaning. The function of Determiner Numerals in Sundanese language divided into two level, those are phrase level and clause or sentence level. Word distribution has relation with the position between Determiner Numerals with article word which is became the center. The distribution of Determiner Numerals divided into two, those are post-nominal distribution and pre-nominal distribution. Determiner Numerals has two meaning, those are word meaning and reference meaning

Banks as Catalysts for Industrialization

We provide a new theory of the role of banks as catalysts for industrialization. In their influential analysis of 19th century continental European industrialization, Gerschenkron and Schumpeter accorded banks a central role, arguing that they promoted the creation of new industries. We formalize this role of banks by introducing financial intermediaries into a 'big push' model. We show that banks may act as `catalysts' for industrialization provided that they are sufficiently large to mobilize a critical mass of firms, and that they possess sufficient market power to make profits from coordination. The theory provides simple conditions that help to explain why banks seem to play a creative role in some but not in other emerging markets. The model also shows that universal banking helps to reduce the cost of coordination. Finally, we show that one disadvantage of catalytic banks is that they may favor concentration in the industrial sector.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39827/3/wp443.pd