Review of the temperature and holding time effects on hydroxyapatite fabrication from the natural sources

Biomaterial development is currently being carried out to help people who have daily needs. Hydroxyapatite has biocompatibility properties and suitables for the use as a biomaterial. Hydroxyapatite can be found in natural sources sometimes as waste. One of the hydroxyapatite fabrication methods is calcination process. Calcination and sintering are used to obtain the desired Ca/P ratio of the hydroxyapatite. This paper reviews several research which have been published by researchers to withdraw the connection during calcination process, with respect to the temperature and holding time effects on hydroxyapatite fabrication from the natural organism. The effect of temperature and holding time determines the yield of Ca/P ratio which affects the resulting mechanical properties. Choosing the right temperature and holding time will produce Ca/P which meets the standar

Influence of Post-Heat Treatment on the Characteristics of FeCrBMnSi Coating on Stainless Steel 304 Substrate Prepared by Twin Wire Arc Spray (TWAS) Method at Various Stand-off Distance

Twin wire arc spray (TWAS) is a type of thermal spray coating technology that has been extensively researched to improve the service life and overcome wear, cavitation and corrosion in pump impellers. This study aims to investigate the effect of post-heat treatment on the properties of FeCrBMnSi coatings fabricated by the Twin Wire Arc Spray (TWAS) method on 304 stainless steel substrates with varying stand-off distances. NiAl and FeCrBMnSi were employed as bond coats and top coats in this study. The substrate material was sandblasted before the coating process to achieve a surface roughness of 75–100 µm. The TAFA 9000 Electrical Wire-Arc Spraying machine's voltage (V), current (A), and compressed air pressure (Bar) were set to 28.4; 150; and 5, respectively. The coating operation was performed at 100, 200, and 300 mm stand-off distances. The specimens were then post-heated for 3 hours at 500°C and 700°C in a Thermolyne F6010 Furnace Chamber. The quality of the coating produced in this study was evaluated using thickness, hardness, wear, bond strength, micrography, and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) testing. According to the findings of this study, specimens with a stand-off distance of 100 mm and a post-heat treatment temperature of 700oC produce the best coating qualities when compared to other specimens. This specimen resulted in a percentage of porosity and unmelted material, thickness, hardness, adhesive strength, and total wear rate of 7.1%, 5.53 x 10-1 mm, 1460 HV, 24.86 MPa, and 3.8 x10-4 mm3/s, respectively

Affordable and Faster Transradial Prosthetic Socket Production Using Photogrammetry and 3D Printing

This study aims to invent a new, low-cost, and faster method of prosthetic socket fabrication, especially in Indonesia. In this paper, the photogrammetry with the 3D printing method is introduced as the new applicative way for transradial prosthetic making. Photogrammetry is used to retrieve a 3D model of the amputated hand stump using a digital camera. A digital camera is used for photogrammetry technique and the resulting 3D model is printed using a circular 3D printer with Polylactic acid (PLA) material. The conventional casting socket fabrication method was also conducted in this study as a comparison. Both prosthetic sockets were analyzed for usability, and sectional area conformities to determine the size deviation using the image processing method. This study concludes that the manufacturing of transradial prosthetic sockets incorporating the photogrammetry technique reduces the total man-hour production. Based on the results, it can be implied that the photogrammetry technique is a more efficient and economical method compared to the conventional casting method. The 3D printed socket resulting from the photogrammetry method has a 5–19% area deviation to the casting socket but it is still preferable and adjustable for the transradial amputee when applied to the stump of the remaining hand