Staphylococcus saprophyticus Recovered from Humans, Food, and Recreational Waters in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus is an important agent of urinary tract infection (UTI) in young women, but information about this pathogen in human microbiota and in common environment is lacking. The aim of this study was to characterize S. saprophyticus isolates from genitoanal microbiota of 621 pregnant women, 10 minas cheese packs, and five beaches in Rio de Janeiro city and compare PFGE profiles of these isolates with five UTI PFGE clusters described in this city. We investigated 65 S. saprophyticus isolates from microbiota, 13 from minas cheese, and 30 from beaches and 32 UTI isolates. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by disk diffusion, MIC by agar dilution, and PCR. Erythromycin-resistance genes erm(C), msr(A), msr(B), mph(C), and lin(A) were found in 93% of isolates. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance correlated with dfrG or dfrA genes. Three cefoxitin-resistant isolates carried the mecA gene. All isolates obtained from cheese were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents. Six of 10 pregnant women with >1 isolate had monoclonal colonization. Isolates from pregnant women shared 100% similarity with UTI PFGE cluster types A and E obtained almost 10 years previously, suggesting temporal persistence of S. saprophyticus. Antimicrobial resistance of beach isolates reflected the profiles of human isolates. Taken together, results indicate a shared source for human and environmental isolates

Slum health: diseases of neglected populations

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2014-04-25T12:44:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Riley LW Slum health....pdf: 1675791 bytes, checksum: 2663a10e534d720a46750fb3ee06a873 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2014-04-25T12:44:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Riley LW Slum health....pdf: 1675791 bytes, checksum: 2663a10e534d720a46750fb3ee06a873 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007University of California. School of Public Health. Divisions of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology. Berkeley, California, USAWeill Medical College of Cornell University. Division of International Medicine and Infectious Diseases. New York, New York, USA / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversity of California. School of Medicine. San Francisco, San Francisco, USAFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilBACKGROUND: Urban slums, like refugee communities, comprise a social cluster that engenders a distinct set of health problems. With 1 billion people currently estimated to live in such communities, this neglected population has become a major reservoir for a wide spectrum of health conditions that the formal health sector must deal with. DISCUSSION: Unlike what occurs with refugee populations, the formal health sector becomes aware of the health problems of slum populations relatively late in the course of their illnesses. As such, the formal health sector inevitably deals with the severe and end-stage complications of these diseases at a substantially greater cost than what it costs to manage non-slum community populations. Because of the informal nature of slum settlements, and cultural, social, and behavioral factors unique to the slum populations, little is known about the spectrum, burden, and determinants of illnesses in these communities that give rise to these complications, especially of those diseases that are chronic but preventable. In this article, we discuss observations made in one slum community of 58,000 people in Salvador, the third largest city in Brazil, to highlight the existence of a spectrum and burden of chronic illnesses not likely to be detected by the formal sector health services until they result in complications or death. Lack of health-related data from slums could lead to inappropriate and unrealistic allocation of health care resources by the public and private providers. Similar misassumptions and misallocations are likely to exist in other nations with large urban slum populations. SUMMARY: Continued neglect of ever-expanding urban slum populations in the world could inevitably lead to greater expenditure and diversion of health care resources to the management of end-stage complications of diseases that are preventable. A new approach to health assessment and characterization of social-cluster determinants of health in urban slums is urgently needed

Expression of a pilin subunit BfpA of the bundle-forming pilus of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in an aroA live salmonella vaccine strain.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2012-10-05T18:51:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Schriefer A Expression of a pilin subunit....pdf: 241336 bytes, checksum: 4f92cde3e00b9144e1a94836577ce16e (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-05T18:51:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Schriefer A Expression of a pilin subunit....pdf: 241336 bytes, checksum: 4f92cde3e00b9144e1a94836577ce16e (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilCornell University Medical College. Division of International Medicine and Infectious Diseases. New York, New YorkFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilCornell University Medical College. Division of International Medicine and Infectious Diseases. New York, New YorkEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a major cause of childhood diarrhea in developing countries and is a leading cause of severe diarrheal illness among Brazilian infants. As one approach to constructing a vaccine candidate against diarrhea caused by EPEC, we evaluated whether the pilin subunit (BfpA) of the bundle-forming pilus (BFP) could be expressed by a live Salmonella vaccine strain. Several copies of the coding region of BfpA (bfpA) were amplified by PCR from a preparation of the EAF plasmid of EPEC strain B171 and cloned into plasmid vectors. An intact copy of bfpA was subcloned into the heat inducible prokaryotic expression vector pCYTEXP1, and the resulting pBfpA was used to transform the aroA S. typhimurium strain SL3261, generating SL3261(pBfpA). The recombinant vaccine strain was able to express, but not to process, rBfpA as evidenced by a prominent 21 kDa protein that crossreacted with anti-BFP antiserum found only in extracts of heat-treated SL3261(pBfpA), but not in strains of untreated SL3261(pBfpA) or SL3261 not carrying the plasmid. Furthermore, rBfpA accumulation was not toxic to the Salmonella host, as evidenced by similar plating efficiencies between induced and uninduced strains of SL3261(pBfpA). Finally, SL3261(pBfpA) orally administered to BALB/c mice was capable of eliciting a sustained and vigorous humoral immune response to BfpA, achievable even with a single oral dose of approximately 10(9) organisms. Therefore, this pilin product may serve as a potential immunogen as part of a live combined vaccine strategy to prevent two of the major public health problems in Brazil--salmonellosis and EPEC childhood diahrrea

Levels of interferon-gamma increase after treatment for latent tuberculosis infection in a high-transmission setting.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2013-10-24T18:04:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Iukary Takenami Levels of interferon....pdf: 1428110 bytes, checksum: f58398f3bf3d59a7040d34605cac79bb (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-24T18:04:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Iukary Takenami Levels of interferon....pdf: 1428110 bytes, checksum: f58398f3bf3d59a7040d34605cac79bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Advanced Laboratory of Public Health. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversity of California. School of Public Health. Division of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology. Berkeley, CA, USABahia School of Medicine and Public Health. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Hospital Especializado Octávio Mangabeira. Secretary of Health of Bahia State. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversity of California. School of Public Health. Division of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology. Berkeley, CA, USAUniversity of California. School of Public Health. Division of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology. Berkeley, CA, USAFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Advanced Laboratory of Public Health. Salvador, BA, Brasil /Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Hospital Especializado Octávio Mangabeira. Secretary of Health of Bahia State. Salvador, BA, BrasilObjectives. We investigated IFN-γ levels before and after a six month course of isoniazid among individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in a high-transmission setting. Design. A total of 26 household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients who were positive for LTBI by tuberculin skin test completed six months of treatment and submitted a blood sample for a followup examination. The IFN-γ response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens was measured, and the results before and after the completion of LTBI treatment were compared. Results. Of the 26 study participants, 25 (96%) showed an IFN-γ level higher than their baseline level before treatment (P ≤ 0.001). Only one individual had a decreased IFN-γ level after treatment but remained positive for LTBI. Conclusion. In a high-transmission setting, the IFN-γ level has increased after LTBI treatment. Further studies must be undertaken to understand if this elevation is transient

Blood cells and interferon-gamma levels correlation in latent tuberculosis infection

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2014-11-12T13:44:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Takenami I Blood cells....pdf: 1445769 bytes, checksum: 95bc2ef96e25b70ec889ceaba75bbbec (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2014-11-12T13:44:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Takenami I Blood cells....pdf: 1445769 bytes, checksum: 95bc2ef96e25b70ec889ceaba75bbbec (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-12T13:58:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Takenami I Blood cells....pdf: 1445769 bytes, checksum: 95bc2ef96e25b70ec889ceaba75bbbec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública. Salvador, BA, BrasilBahia School of Medicine and Public Health. Salvador, BA, BrasilBahia School of Medicine and Public Health. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Hospital Especializado Octávio Mangabeira. Secretariat of Health of Bahia State. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversity of California. Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology. School of Public Health. Berkeley, USAUniversity of California. Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology. School of Public Health. Berkeley, USAFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health. Salvador, BA, Brasile Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection is largely spread in world’s population. Most infected individuals develop latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are the available tests to detect the infection. It has been reported that some individuals take a longer period of time to develop the infection than others with the same exposure level. It is suggested that the innate immunity, in which neutrophils have an important protective role, is responsible for this. Many hematologic abnormalities have been described as common ndings during severe disease. To investigate if these changes are related to LTBI development and if they interfere in TST and IFN- production, we recruited 88 household contacts of tuberculosis (TB) pulmonary patients and compared blood cell counts with these tests’ results. ere were no statistically signicant changes in hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, global leukocyte, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, typical lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes, and monocytes counts between infected and noninfected individuals. Also, there was no correlation between TST or IGRA and blood cell counts. ese results suggest that blood cell counts are not LTBI markers and do not interfere in TST results or IFN- levels obtained by IGRA

Distribution of strain type and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates causing meningitis in a large urban setting in Brazil

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2014-09-29T17:43:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Berman H Distribution....pdf: 631104 bytes, checksum: a03fc22fb8394fe9d8a832d47033a4f4 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2014-09-29T17:43:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Berman H Distribution....pdf: 631104 bytes, checksum: a03fc22fb8394fe9d8a832d47033a4f4 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-29T18:21:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Berman H Distribution....pdf: 631104 bytes, checksum: a03fc22fb8394fe9d8a832d47033a4f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014University of California. School of Public Health. Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology. Berkeley, California, USA.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil.University of California. School of Public Health. Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology. Berkeley, California, USA.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil.The clinical management of meningitis caused by Escherichia coli is greatly complicated when the organism becomes resistant to broad-spectrum antibiotics. We sought to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibilities, sequence types (ST), and presence of known drug resistance genes of E. coli isolates that caused meningitis between 1996 and 2011 in Salvador, Brazil. We then compared these findings to those for E. coli isolates from community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTI) that occurred during the same time period and in the same city. We found that 19% of E. coli isolates from cases of meningitis and less than 1% of isolates from UTI were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. The sequence types of E. coli isolates from cases of meningitis included ST131, ST69, ST405, and ST62, which were also found among isolates from UTI. Additionally, among the E. coli isolates that were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, we found genes that encode the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases CTX-M-2, CTX-M-14, and CTX-M-15. These observations demonstrate that compared to E. coli strains isolated from cases of community-acquired UTI, those isolated from cases of meningitis are more resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, even though the same sequence types are shared between the two forms of extraintestinal infections

Identification of new repetitive element in Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni and its application to PCR-based differentiation of Leptospira serogroups.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2014-05-02T14:12:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Barocchi MA Identification of New....pdf: 2689916 bytes, checksum: b29266c121b560e1b5c6260b77f5c08f (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-02T14:12:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barocchi MA Identification of New....pdf: 2689916 bytes, checksum: b29266c121b560e1b5c6260b77f5c08f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunity. School of Public Health. University of California. Berkeley, CaliforniaFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Division of International Medicine and Infectious Diseases. Weil Medical College of Cornell University. New York, New YorkFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilDivision of Infectious Diseases and Immunity. School of Public Health. University of California. Berkeley, CaliforniaA new repetitive DNA element was identified in an isolate of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni from a patient in Salvador, Brazil. A Sau3A genomic library from this strain was constructed and screened for repetitive DNA elements. An insert of 438 bp (Rep1) from one library clone hybridized to multiple chromosomal DNA fragments resolved electrophoretically after digestion with BamHI, HindIII, and MfeI. A single oligonucleotide primer, designated iRepl, was designed to generate multiple PCR amplicons of various electrophoretic mobilities in a PCR typing method. The method distinguished strains belonging to the eight pathogenic and three saprophytic species of the genus Leptospira. Clinical isolates obtained during urban epidemics between 1996 and 1998 in Salvador, Brazil, were analyzed by this PCR method. Although the iRep1 primer was unable to discriminate strains among L. interrogans serovar copenhageni isolates, it was able to differentiate strains belonging to different species and serogroups of Leptospira identified in Salvador. This PCR-based method may provide a faster and less expensive alternative to serologic tests used in reference laboratories

Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Salvador Leptospirosis Study Group

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2014-05-05T12:29:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KO AI Urban epidemic....pdf: 110002 bytes, checksum: 9cdf46150b8a3280d4954a0b7c166842 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-05T12:29:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KO AI Urban epidemic....pdf: 110002 bytes, checksum: 9cdf46150b8a3280d4954a0b7c166842 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Division of International Medicine and Infectious Disease. Cornell University Medical College. New York, USAFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilHospital Couto Maia. Secretary of Health for the State of Bahia. Salvador, BA, BrasilDivision of International Medicine and Infectious Disease. Cornell University Medical College. New York, USASchool of Public Health. University of California. Berkeley, USABACKGROUND: Leptospirosis has, traditionally, been considered a sporadic rural disease. We describe a large urban outbreak of leptospirosis. METHODS: Active surveillance for leptospirosis was established in an infectious-disease referral hospital in Salvador, Brazil, between March 10 and Nov 2, 1996. Patients meeting case criteria for severe manifestations of leptospirosis were recruited into the study. The diagnosis was confirmed in the laboratory with the microagglutination test and identification of leptospires in blood or urine. Risk factors for death were examined by multivariate analyses. FINDINGS: Surveillance identified 326 cases of which 193 (59%) were laboratory-confirmed (133) or probable (60) cases. Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni was isolated from 87% of the cases with positive blood cultures. Most of the cases were adult (mean age 35.9 years [SD 15.9]), and 80% were male. Complications included jaundice (91%), oliguria (35%), and severe anaemia (26%). 50 cases died (case-fatality rate 15%) despite aggressive supportive care including dialysis (in 23%). Altered mental status was the strongest independent predictor of death (odds ratio 9.12 [95% CI 4.28-20.3]), age over 37 years, renal insufficiency, and respiratory insufficiency were also significant predictors of death. Before admission to hospital, 42% were misdiagnosed as having dengue fever in the outpatient clinic; an outbreak of dengue fever was taking place concurrently. INTERPRETATION: An epidemic of leptospirosis has become a major urban health problem, associated with high mortality. Diagnostic confusion with dengue fever, another emerging infectious disease with a similar geographic distribution, prevents timely intervention that could minimise mortality

Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli strains causing community-acquired urinary tract infections among insured and uninsured populations in a large urban center

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2015-03-24T19:44:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira Jr ED Antimicrobial....pdf: 90084 bytes, checksum: 111b4921ee478d413e4c884c0d3c3b5e (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2015-03-24T19:54:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira Jr ED Antimicrobial....pdf: 90084 bytes, checksum: 111b4921ee478d413e4c884c0d3c3b5e (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-24T19:54:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira Jr ED Antimicrobial....pdf: 90084 bytes, checksum: 111b4921ee478d413e4c884c0d3c3b5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Associação Obras Sociais Irmã Dulce. Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Hospital São Rafael. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Associação Obras Sociais Irmã Dulce. Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa. Salvador, BA, BrasilAssociação Obras Sociais Irmã Dulce. Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa. Salvador, BA, BrasilAssociação Obras Sociais Irmã Dulce. Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa. Salvador, BA, BrasilHospital São Rafael. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversity of California Berkeley. School of Public Health. Divisions of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology. California, USAWe assessed the susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains causing communityacquired urinary tract infection (UTI) in a large urban center in Brazil, comparing two different populations (patients with health insurance vs. uninsured). 581 nonduplicate strains of E. coli were isolated. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was greater than 20% for ampicillin (51%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (43%), tetracycline (41%) and chloramphenicol (22%). Overall, 12% of the E. coli isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Resistance prevalences to most antimicrobials were similar in the two study populations. Our data provide much needed information on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among E. coli causing communityacquired UTI in Brazil. Antimicrobial resistance among strains of E. coli causing community-acquired UTIs was relatively high, particularly resistance to ciprofloxacin

Inverse Association between Lancefield Group G Streptococcus Colonization and Sore Throat in Slum and Nonslum Settings in Brazil▿

Group G Streptococcus has been implicated as a causative agent of pharyngitis in outbreak situations, but its role in endemic disease remains elusive. We found an unexpected inverse association of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis colonization and sore throat in a study of 2,194 children of 3 to 15 years of age in Salvador, Brazil