The birds of Sangihe and Taluad , North Sulawesi

The islands of Sangihe, Siau and Talaud were visited between 24 August and 31 October 1995 and a total of 126 species recorded. This paper provides details of all species recorded, including those new to the islands, additional information is provided on the five endemic species: Eos histrio, Loriculus catamene. Halcyon enigma, Eutrichomyias rowleyi and Aethopyga duyvenhodei. Further details are provided of records made between 1986 and 1995 during visits to the islands by four individual birdwatchers. Four of the endemic species were shown to be more common than previously thought, whilst details of the third record of Eutrichomyias rowleyi are presented. The conservation status of the islands is discussed and recommendations made for future research

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Ending the Great Debate in Reading Instruction

For decades, reading educators have put forth various definitions of reading and theories related to processes which occur during the reading act. Classroom teachers must understand what reading is if they are to teach effectively, yet it is easy for confusion to set in because of conflicting views of the reading act. Depending upon which speaker is heard, or which article is read, or in which professor\u27s class they were enrolled, teachers may be exposed to many differing views of reading

The Status, Habitat and Nest of the Satanic Nightjar Eurostopodus diabolicus

The Satanic Nightjar Eurostopodus diabolicus a little-known, putatively threatened species endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia was recently observed in two protected areas in North Sulawesi. Presently classified as Vulnerable to extinction, these new records suggest a more widespread geographical distribution and greater tolerance of disturbed habitats than was previously thought. Consequently, we recommend that this species be downgraded to Near Threatened. Descriptions of plumage characters (which differ from the type specimen in some respects), nesting, and behaviour are presented. Morphological and ecological evidence suggests E. diabolicus is most closely related to the Archbold's Nightjar E. archboldi and Papuan Nightjar E. papuensis, both endemic to New Guinea

Understanding the Solar Sources of In Situ Observations

The solar wind can, to a good approximation be described as a two‐component flow with fast, tenuous, quiescent flow emanating from coronal holes, and slow, dense and variable flow associated with the boundary between open and closed magnetic fields. In spite of its simplicity, this picture naturally produces a range of complex heliospheric phenomena, including the presence, location, and orientation of corotating interaction regions and their associated shocks. In this study, we apply a two‐step mapping technique, incorporating a magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar corona, to bring in situ observations from Ulysses, WIND, and ACE back to the solar surface in an effort to determine some intrinsic properties of the quasi‐steady solar wind. In particular, we find that a “layer” of ∼35,000 km exists between the Coronal Hole Boundary (CHB) and the fast solar wind, where the wind is slow and variable. We also derive a velocity gradient within large polar coronal holes (that were present during Ulysses’ rapid latitude scan) as a function of distance from the CHB. We find that v = 713 km/s + 3.2 d, where d is the angular distance from the CHB boundary in degrees. © 2003 American Institute of PhysicsPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87654/2/79_1.pd

Noteworthy Records of Birds from the Panua Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi

Panua Nature Reserve is the second largest terrestrial conservation area in North Sulawesi, located on the south coast of Sulawesi's north peninsula. We conducted surveys of the reserve between February and June 2000, including 241 km of line transect censuses, primarily in the dominant lowland evergreen rainforest. A total of 124 bird species were recorded, including 48 Sulawesi endemics, and l3 species (all but two endemic) that are considered by most authorities as Threatened or Near Threatened. In this paper we describe the habitats of the reserve and summarize observations of all l3 threatened species, as well as six other species for which our surveys clarify distribution or status within Sulawesi

The state of the solar wind and magnetosphere during the maunder minimum

Both direct observations and reconstructions from various datasets, suggest that conditions were radically different during the Maunder Minimum (MM) than during the space era. Using an MHD model, we develop a set of feasible solutions to infer the properties of the solar wind during this interval. Additionally, we use these results to drive a global magnetospheric model. Finally, using the 2008/2009 solar minimum as an upper limit for MM conditions, we use results from the International Reference Ionosphere (ILI) model to speculate on the state of the ionosphere. The results describe interplanetary, magnetospheric, and ionospheric conditions that were substantially different than today. For example: (1) the solar wind density and magnetic field strength were an order of magnitude lower; (2) the Earth’s magnetopause and shock standoff distances were a factor of two larger; and (3) the maximum electron density in the ionosphere was substantially lower