Analisis Kesulitan Siswa Berdasarkan Kemampuan Pemahaman Matematis dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Cerita Pada Materi FPB dan KPK

  This research aims to analyze the difficulties of students of 4th gradersin GMIT Oenesu Elementary School, Kupang, NTT based on their mathematical understanding ability in solving story problems in FPB and KPK materials. The research method used is qualitative descriptive by describing written answers and interviews to students' mathematical comprehension abilities. The subjects in this study were students of 4th gradersin GMIT Oenesu Elementary School, Kupang, NTT which numbered 10 people. Based on the test results, 3 students from low, moderate, and high-skilled subjects were taken. The instruments used are written tests and interviews. The results showed that 8 out of 10 students had difficulty in solving story problems in FPB and KPK materials based on their mathematical understanding skills. It was also found that the difficulties experienced by students were related to (1) Difficulty restating the concept, characterized by students not yet understanding the problems experienced by S1, (2) Difficulty classifying objects based on the fulfillment or absence of the requirements that make up the concept, characterized by students unable to write down what is known and asked from the questions experienced by S1, (3) Difficulty applying the concept of algorithms, characterized by student errors in completing FPB and KPK experienced by S1 and S2, and (4) Difficulty associating various concepts, characterized by students have not been able to determine what calculation operations can be used next to solve the problems experienced by S1, S2 and S3. In addition, difficulty in associating various concepts is the dominant difficulty carried out by students.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesulitan siswa kelas IV SD GMIT Oenesu, Kupang, NTT berdasarkan kemampuan pemahaman matematisnya dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita pada materi FPB dan KPK. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan mendeskripsikan jawaban tertulis dan wawancara terhadap kemampuan pemahaman matematis siswa. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IV SD GMIT Oenesu, Kupang, NTT yang berjumlah 10 orang. Berdasarkan hasil tes, diambil 3 siswa dari subjek berkemampuan rendah, sedang, dan tinggi. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa tes tertulis dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa 8 dari 10 siswa mengalami kesulitan dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita pada materi FPB dan KPK berdasarkan kemampuan pemahaman matematisnya. Juga ditemukan bahwa kesulitan yang dialami siswa terkait dengan (1) Kesulitan menyatakan ulang konsep, ditandai dengan siswa belum memahami soal yang dialami oleh S1, (2) Kesulitan mengklasifikasikan objek-objek berdasarkan dipenuhi atau tidaknya persyaratan yang membentuk konsep tersebut, ditandai dengan siswa tidak mampu menuliskan apa yang diketahui dan ditanyakan dari soal yang dialami oleh S1, (3) Kesulitan menerapkan konsep algoritma, ditandai dengan adanya kesalahan siswa dalam menyelesaikan FPB dan KPK yang dialami oleh S1 dan S2, dan (4) Kesulitan mengaitkan berbagai konsep, ditandai dengan siswa belum mampu menentukan operasi hitung apa yang dapat digunakan selanjutnya untuk menyelesaikan soal yang dialami oleh S1, S2 dan S3. Selain itu, kesulitan dalam mengaitkan berbagai konsep merupakan kesulitan yang dominan dilakukan oleh subjek

Hybridization in parasites: consequences for adaptive evolution, pathogenesis and public health in a changing world

[No abstract available

The Joint Influence of Intra- and Inter-Team Learning Processes on Team Performance: A Constructive or Destructive Combination?

In order for teams to build a shared conception of their task, team learning is crucial. Benefits of intra-team learning have been demonstrated in numerous studies. However, teams do not operate in a vacuum, and interact with their environment to execute their tasks. Our knowledge of the added value of inter-team learning (team learning with external parties) is limited. Do both types of team learning compete over limited resources, or do they form a synergistic combination? We aim to shed light on the interplay between intra- and inter-team learning in relation to team performance, by including adaptive and transformative sub-processes of intra-team learning. A quantitative field study was conducted among 108 university teacher teams. The joint influence of intra- and inter-team learning as well as structural (task interdependence) and cultural (team efficacy) team characteristics on self-perceived and externally rated team performance were explored in a path model. The results showed that adaptive intra-team learning positively influenced self-perceived team performance, while transformative intra-team learning positively influenced externally rated team performance. Moreover, intra-team and inter-team learning were found to be both a constructive and a destructive combination. Adaptive intra-team learning combined with inter-team learning led to increased team performance, while transformative intra-team learning combined with inter-team learning hurt team performance. The findings demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between both the scope (intra- vs. inter-team) and the level (adaptive vs. transformative) of team learning in understanding team performance

Testing the effects of genetic crossing distance on embryo survival within a metapopulation of brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Predicting progeny performance from parental genetic divergence can potentially enhance the efficiency of supportive breeding programmes and facilitate risk assessment. Yet, experimental testing of the effects of breeding distance on offspring performance remains rare, especially in wild populations of vertebrates. Recent studies have demonstrated that embryos of salmonid fish are sensitive indicators of additive genetic variance for viability traits. We therefore used gametes of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) from five genetically distinct populations of a river catchment in Switzerland, and used a full factorial design to produce over 2,000 embryos in 100 different crosses with varying genetic distances (FST range 0.005-0.035). Customized egg capsules allowed recording the survival of individual embryos until hatching under natural field conditions. Our breeding design enabled us to evaluate the role of the environment, of genetic and nongenetic parental contributions, and of interactions between these factors, on embryo viability. We found that embryo survival was strongly affected by maternal environmental (i.e. non-genetic) effects and by the microenvironment, i.e. by the location within the gravel. However, embryo survival was not predicted by population divergence, parental allelic dissimilarity, or heterozygosity, neither in the field nor under laboratory conditions. Our findings suggest that the genetic effects of inter-population hybridization within a genetically differentiated meta-population can be minor in comparison to environmental effects