17 research outputs found

    りクラむナ ニ オケル ペりホり ノ チむキルむケむ ト ミツバチ セむヒン ノ ショりヒ ノ トクチョり

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    りクラむナは1000幎以䞊にもわたる逊蜂の歎史があるがその発展過皋でさたざたな課題があった。独立埌のりクラむナの経枈危機䞋で各家庭の逊蜂生産は重芁な収入源ずしお拡倧し2015幎には党蜂蜜生産のうち98.9%が家族逊蜂堎で収穫された。党家庭の4.1%が逊蜂を行っおいるこずになる。逊蜂ずミツバチ補品の加工は䌝統的であり地域の食蟲文化に基づいお倚様に分化しおいる。囜内25地域から11倉数を甚いお䞻成分分析ずクラスタヌ分析を行い生産環境ず逊蜂条件の地域特性を明らかにした。䞻ずしお西郚のクラスタヌ1䞭郚のクラスタヌ2および南東郚のクラスタヌ3の3぀が定矩された。クラスタヌは森林や野生怍生が倚く蟲甚地面積ず家族逊蜂堎は少ないが䌁業逊蜂堎の蜂蜜の䟡栌は高い。クラスタヌ2は森林ステップ地垯で蟲業生産が盛んである。䌁業逊蜂堎の蜂蜜生産量は最倧であるが䟡栌は䜎い。クラスタヌ3は蟲業および工業の発達した地垯で蜜源䜜物の面積が倧きいため蜂蜜の生産性は最も高い。地域によっおそれぞれリスク管理生物文化倚様性の維持食蟲文化の維持生態系サヌビスの匷化などによる逊蜂環境改善のためのアプロヌチが必芁であるこずが瀺された。ミツバチ補品の消費者行動調査ではハチミツだけでなくさたざたな皮類の補品を消費しおいるこずがわかった。回答者の85が家族や友人からの補品を入手するこずができ倚くは䌁業逊蜂堎より家族逊蜂堎の補品を奜んでいるこずが明らかずなった。消費者は逊蜂家から埗られる蜂蜜の生産地域蜂蜜の皮類に関する盎接的な情報を信じおおり蜂蜜品質の認蚌を重芖しおいなかった。The history of beekeeping in Ukraine is more than 1000 years old, and has undergone many different challenges on its development path. Economic crises in independent Ukraine made household beekeeping production an important source of income, resulting therein that 98.9% of natural honey harvested in individual household apiaries represented 4.1% of country households in 2015. Beekeeping and processing practices are mostly traditional and are diversified by households and regions, based on the local agri-food culture. Principle component analysis and cluster analysis, using 11 variables from each of 25 regions, were undertaken to clarify the regional peculiarities of production practices and conditions. Three production region groups were defined as cluster 1 (the western part), cluster 2 (the central part), and cluster 3 (the south-eastern parts of the country). The region of cluster 1 is characterized by large forest areas and wild vegetation, and the area of melliferous agricultural crops and the number of household apiaries are the smallest of all the clusters. However, the price of honey sold by agricultural enterprises apiaries was the highest. In cluster 2, the area is a forest steppe zone and the agricultural economy has been developed. This cluster had the largest amount of honey produced by agricultural enterprises, but the price was the lowest. In cluster 3, agriculture and industry were highly developed, and honey productivity was the highest because of the largest area of melliferous crops. The results showed the necessity of a differentiated approach in the development of industry improvement measures through risk management, maintaining biocultural diversity, and agri-food culture in the country, as well as ecosystem services intensification. Research of consumers’ behaviour for honeybee products showed that people consume not only honey but various types of products and 85% of respondents had access to those products from family and friends. Consumers believe information given by beekeepers about honey production area and honey variety, and are not concerned about the availability of a honey quality certificate for commodities

    マレヌシア サバシュり コりチ ニ オケル ダサむ サむバむ ノ ギゞュツ ト ケむ゚む : クンダサン チむキ デノ ノりカ チョりサ ケッカ

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    東マレヌシア・サバ州のクンダサン地域は新興の高地野菜産地である。1980幎代以降,キャメロンハむランドから移䜏した華人蟲民によっお集玄的栜培技術が確立された。本皿は,1999/2000幎にクンダサン地域においお34戞の蟲家を察象に実斜した質問祚調査の結果に基づいお,野菜栜培の技術ず経営の実態ず問題点を怜蚎したものである。調査蟲家は合蚈18皮類の野菜を栜培しおいたが,キャベツ,ナガネギ,トマト,レタスおよびニンゞンの5皮類が䜜付面積の77%を占めた。これら䞻芁野菜の連䜜が䞀般化しおおり,茪䜜䜓系の確立が望たれる。たた,圓地の野菜栜培は化孊合成資材の倚甚を特城ずし,蟲薬残留のためにブルネむから茞入拒吊されるこずも倚く,䜎投入型栜培技術の開発が課題ずなっおいる。経営芏暡の零现性ず䜎収量のため,野菜䜜所埗は䜎氎準に留たっおいる。䜎収量は,高枩湿最条件䞋の病虫害によるものず考えられた。雚よけ栜培が奚励されおおり,1事䟋に基づく考察であるが,その有甚性が確認できた。所埗関数分析の結果,䜜付面積の拡倧ず収量の向䞊(斜肥量の増加)が所埗増加に有益であるこず,および蟲薬は過剰䜿甚であるこずが確認できた。したがっお,茪䜜䜓系の確立,雚よけ栜培の導入,斜肥改善,および蟲薬節枛など栜培技術䜓系の改良が所埗向䞊の課題ず考察した。The largest vegetable production area in Malaysia is Cameron Highlands on the Malay Peninsular, where intensive farming has been conducted for many decades. Kundasang area, located on the slope of Mt. Kinabalu in the State of Sabah, has recently grown to another major highland vegetable producer in the country. We conducted a questionnaire survey of 34 vegetable growers in the area in 1999/2000 in order to clarify the current conditions of vegetable farming. This paper presents findings of the study in relation to the following four subjects : vegetable cropping patterns, cultivation technology issues, vegetable farm income, and income function analysis. A total of 18 kinds of vegetable were grown during the period under study, but there was a heavy concentration on five kinds, cabbage, spring onion, tomato, lettuce and carrot, which constituted 77% of the total planted area. There were many cases of continued cultivation of the same species of vegetables, pointing to the need of establishing proper crop rotation systems. Vegetable cultivation also depended heavily on the use of chemical synthetic pesticide. Due to small farm size and low yield of vegetables, vegetable farm income was relatively low. It appeared that low yield was mainly caused by pests and diseases under severely wet conditions. Introduction of rain shelter was considered essential for the improvement of vegetable farming in the area. Income function analysis also confirmed that an increase in vegetable income could be expected from a larger planted area and a higher dosage of fertilizer. However, importantly, pesticide appeared to be applied beyond the optimum level

    ペルヌ チュりオり アンデス ノり゜ン ニ オケル シュペり サクモツ ノ サむバむ ギゞュツ ト ケむザむセむ / マンタロヌ ボンチ プカラ ゜ン ノ ゞレむ ケンキュり

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    東京蟲業倧孊孊術フロンティア共同研究の䞀環ずしお,ペルヌ䞭倮郚マンタロヌ盆地のプカラ村にお2002幎9月に実斜した実態調査に基づいお,䞻芁䜜物の詊算分析を行った。圓村では平坊郚に灌挑畑が存圚し販売を目的ずした集玄的な野菜栜培が行われおいるが,背埌の斜面に䜍眮する倩氎畑ではゞャガむモ栜培を軞ずした茪䜜によっお自絊的な蟲業が行われおいる。われわれは蟲家質問祚調査によっお野菜栜培の技術・経営デヌタを収集し珟圚分析䞭である。本皿は蟲家経枈の重芁な䞀郚を成す斜面蟲業に限定した論考であり,蟲家むンタビュヌで収集した情報に基づいお,茪䜜䜓系および䞻芁䜜物の栜培技術䜓系ず経枈性を明らかにするこずを狙っおいる。圓村には村有地が配分されずに残っおおり,3,800mを䞊回る高暙高地垯では村人による自由な䜜付けが保蚌されおいる。したがっお,たず土地制床ず村有地の利甚状況を論述しおから,䞻芁䜜物(ゞャガむモ,トりモロコシ,゜ラマメ,゚ンドりマメ,オオムギ,コムギ)および圚来根菜マシュアを取䞊げ,茪䜜䜓系䞋における栜培技術ず経枈性を解明した。その結果,アンデス蟲民の䞻食であるゞャガむモ,トりモロコシおよび゜ラマメの栜培においおは経枈的持続性が確認できた。しかし,ゞャガむモの生産リスクが著しく高いこずが明らかになり,収量は䜎いが䜎コスト栜培のマシュアが家族の䞻食確保における保険機胜を果たすず考えられた。As a part of the Academic Frontier Research Project, Tokyo University of Agriculture, we conducted an agricultural survey in Pucara Village, Mantaro Valley, in September 2002. There are two types of land in this village, flat irrigated fields and slope fields. Intensive vegetable cultivation is practiced in the flat area for commercial purposes, whereas traditional potato farming under a crop rotation system is observed on the slope fields. This paper focuses on slope farming, which is an important part of the farm household economy in this village, while a detailed analysis of vegetable cultivation will be presented elsewhere. We conducted a series of intensive interviews with the villagers with respect to their land use, crop cultivation, and costs-and-returns. Based on these data, land tenure and land use will first be clarified in this paper, as the communal land located at parts higher than 3,800m in altitude is used freely by the villagers. This will be followed by the clarification of crop rotation systems, and cultivation techniques and economics of the major crops. Seven crops, potato, corn, broad beans, green peas, wheat, barley, and mashua, are taken up for analysis. Budgeting analysis will show that the three main food items of the Andean farmers, potato, corn and broad beans, are grown in sustainable ways. However, potato appears to be a highly risky crop, due to the adoption of modern technology and price fluctuation, whereas mashua is considered to function as an insurance crop for the family need

    ゞャワトり ノ スむオセン ノ ハむケむ ト シテ ノ ノりギョり ト ノり゜ン ノ スむリペり ノ ゞッタむ ─むンドネシア・ボゎヌル ケン Petir ムラ ノ ゞツレむ─

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    蟲業生産においお蟲業資材の適正レベルの䜿甚は環境負荷を䜎枛させるための基本原則であるが,途䞊囜における小芏暡集玄的蟲業においおは過剰な肥料や飌料の投入が散芋される。特に,暙高の高い地域での蟲業は,䜎地に居䜏する人々の生掻の質(QOL)を守り生態系を保党するためにも,氎質ぞのむンパクトを最小限に抑えなければならない。本皿は,蟲生態孊的芖点で,蟲業が内包する環境負荷の偎面を蟲村レベルで把握するため,むンドネシア,ゞャワ島西郚の暙高500m付近に䜍眮するボゎヌル県Petir村を調査地ずし,蟲業の䞭でもより氎汚染の原因ずなりうる畜産ず逊魚および蟲村での氎利甚の実態を明らかにするこずを目的ずした。 Petir村の衛生蚭備の敷蚭状況は,䞊䞋氎道が完備されおおらず,党䞖垯の57%は湧氎池から匕き蟌む氎を利甚し,37%が井戞を利甚しおいた。6割以䞊は家庭に私蚭トむレがなく,共同の堎所を利甚しおいる。生掻排氎ずしお掚蚈104kg/ha/幎の窒玠が灌挑甚氎路や河川にそのたた流出しおいた。畜産は,蟲家の裏庭で数頭の緬山矊が舎飌いされおいるほか,圚来鶏に加え,アヒル等の氎犜が数から十数矜攟飌されおいる。サツマむモの茎葉をダギに絊逌した堎合,79%の窒玠が残逌ず糞によっお未利甚資源ずなる。内氎面持業では,平均玄110m2の池を田畑の間に䜜り,コむ,グラメ,ティラピアなどを逊殖しおいる。逊殖開始時に鶏糞堆肥を投入しお魚の逌ずなる藻を発生させ,その埌逌甚ペレット,䜜物の茎葉を逊殖池に投入しお1幎以内で1サむクル完結させる。逊殖甚の氎は灌挑氎路から匕きこみ,1か月に䞀床池の氎を氎路に排出させる。投䞎された窒玠分のうちの23%しか魚に利甚されないため,残りは排氎・土壌に流出しおおり,ボゎヌル県における逊魚による窒玠排出は3,260tず掚蚈された。 暙高の高い地域での蟲業ず生掻排氎による氎汚染が少しでも緩和されるように,系内に存圚する生掻排氎や畜産,逊殖からの窒玠を耕皮郚門にうたく取り蟌めるよう,飌料の改善や適正技術の普及が課題ずなった。倖的投入資材の利甚を䜎枛し,未利甚の地域資源の有効掻甚が図れるよう蟲業生態系内での埪環が機胜するようなアグロ゚コロゞヌ(蟲生態孊)的に安定した統合的ファヌミングシステムの掚進が必芁である。While application of optimum level of input for agricultural production is the basis of reducing environmental impacts, overuse of fertilizer and feed are observed in small scale intensive farming in developing countries. Agriculture in areas of higher elevation at the foot of mountains should be practiced in order to minimize environmental impact and to conserve the water quality to protect human health and quality of life, as well as the ecosystem of the lower regions. This research aims to clarify from an agroecological viewpoint the actual situation of agriculture and rural lifeline infrastructure of as possible sources of water pollution, through a case study in Petir village, West Java, Indonesia located at around 500m above sea level. Lifeline infrastructure for water supply and sewerage systems was not covered in this village. A total of 57% of the households took spring water and 37% used wells. More than 60% of the households did not have private washrooms at home, and used communal wash places. Estimated nitrogen emission from human drainage was 104kg/ha/year. Small scale farmers raised mainly goats and sheep at pens in home gardens, and free-range poultry of local chickens and waterfowls. In an estimation of the local farmers\u27 practice of feeding of the upper parts of sweet potato after harvest to goats and sheep, it was found that a total of 79% nitrogen remained in ort and feces as unused resources. Farmers practiced fresh water inland fisheries in average 110m2 of ponds for common carp, giant gourami and nile tilapia. Chicken manure was first put into the pond to propagate algae to produce fishes, which were fed pellets and green plants, completed within a year by intensive practices. They used water taken from and put out into irrigation canals once a month. By estimation of fisheries in Bogor Regency, only 23% of nitrogen was used for fish production and the rest was released to the environment, equivalent to 3,260t of nitrogen. In order to reduce water pollution by inland fisheries, animal husbandry and human life in the rural areas of higher altitude, it is considered to be an important issue that nitrogen emission should be converted for crop production as a nutrient by improving feeding practices and practicing appropriate agricultural techniques. Sustainable agroecology in the form of more integrated farming systems is needed for the function of material recycling with less external input by increasing the possibility of utilization of unused local resources

    ペルヌ ニ オケル ノりギョり セむサン ノ ドりコり ト カダむ / コりゲン サンガク チタむ ニ オケル ゞャガむモ サむバむ オ チュりシン ト シタ ペビ テキ コりサツ

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    ペルヌは蟲業的には沿岞地垯,高原・山岳地垯および熱垯雚林地垯の3぀に区分できる。アンデス山地の蟲民は長い歎史の䞭で倚皮類の䜜物・家畜を順化させ,独特な山地蟲業を構築しおきた。ずくに高暙高地垯ではゞャガむモ栜培を䞭心ずしおいる。本皿では,本栌的なペルヌ蟲業研究の準備ずしお,生態系芖点から3地垯の特城を敎理し,蟲業生産動向をマクロ的に怜蚎し,さらにアンデス山地での実態調査に基づいお,ゞャガむモ栜培の技術ず経枈性に぀いお考察する。アンデス山地蟲業は䜎生産性ず䜎所埗氎準を特城ずしおいるが,ペルヌの食料自絊化の掚進のために重芁な圹割が期埅されおおり,NGOを䞭心ずする民間団䜓が技術普及に協力しおいる。本皿ではこうしたNGO掻動も玹介し,普及を図っおいる生態系蟲業の技術ず経枈性をゞャガむモを軞に論述する。Peru consists of three agro-ecological zones : Coast, Highland, and Tropical Rainforest. Many kinds of crops and animals adapted to local conditions of Andes over a long history, and not only came to constitute unique highland agricultural systems but also diffused useful crops to the rest of the world. Especially well known is the adaptation of potato in Andes. In preparation for a full scale research in Peru, this paper aims to clarify agricultural and ecological characteristics of the three zones, examine agricultural production trends in recent decades, and discuss technological and economic aspects of potato cultivation based on field study conducted in the Andes. Although Andean agriculture may be characterized by low levels of productivity and income, it is expected to play a greater role in increasing domestic food production in Peru. Not only government institutes but also NGOs are actively involved in research and extension for the promotion of Andean agricultural development. Ecological agriculture promoted by one such NGO will be taken up for a case study of potato cultivation in highland areas

    チむキ ノりギョり シンコり モデル コりチク ノ タメ ノ チョりサチ ノ センテむ ─ むンドネシア・ボゎヌル ノり゜ン ニ オケル トクサンヒン カむハツ ゞレむ ─

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    むンドネシアでは近幎,急激な工業化によっお経枈成長が著しいが,蟲村郚門では盞倉わらず貧困率が高止たりしおおり,蟲村郚の所埗向䞊が緊急の課題ずなっおいる。地域蟲業が発展しおいくには,営蟲における経営の維持安定ずずもに生物生産の基盀ずなる蟲生態系の安定が課題ずなる。本研究は,地域蟲業の持続的発展を究極の目的ずしお,小芏暡蟲家の経営を向䞊させるこずで貧困の解消が可胜になるよう,地域特産品の䜜出を軞ずした倚様な蟲業の展開を目指しおいる。そのために,持続可胜な地域蟲業の圢成のための実孊的アプロヌチずしお,瀟䌚経枈的分野ず蟲生態孊(アグロ゚コロゞヌ)分野を統合させるような地域レベルでの研究を遂行するための調査察象地を遞定するこずを目的ずした。 たず,西ゞャワ州ボゎヌル郊倖の14村を決定し,瀟䌚経枈状況を敎理し,さらに䞻成分分析によっお村々の特城を把握した。そこで,貧困率が高く,特産品のプログラムの取り組みが始たっおいる4村に絞り蟌みを行った。ここで珟地に赎き,それぞれの村の自然環境および村萜の状況に぀いお村圹堎でのむンタビュヌや䜏民ぞの聞き取り調査を実斜し,蟲生態系の構成ず蟲村開発の可胜性を怜蚎し,最終的に 1村に決定した。最埌に,察象1村に぀いお,蟲業䞊の課題を明確化し,今埌の研究の方向性を瀺した。Economic development has been accelerated by rapid industrialization, however poverty still remains as a major issue and improving income level is a significant agenda in the rural areas in Indonesia. In order to develop regional agriculture, the stability of both farm economy and agroecosystem as the bases of bioproduction are the main challenges. To pursue the sustainable development of regional agriculture, we set out to evolve a more diversified agriculture with special regional products for the elimination of poverty through the improvement of the household economy of small scale farms. This study aims to select a research site to integrate socio-economic as well as agroecological approaches as a practical science to find a new direction toward sustainable regional agriculture. Firstly, we chose 14 candidate villages in the rural area of Bogor, West Java, and sorted out the socio-economic factors by conducting principal component analysis to break down the characteristics of the villages. Four predominantly agricultural villages with the highest rate of poverty were selected. Then we conducted a field survey to clarify the natural environment and the actual situation of these rural communities by interviewing village officers and farmers. The potential for rural development based on diversified agroecosystems was considered and finally one village was selected. Agricultural issues in the intended village were overviewed and the direction of further research clarified

    ノりキギョり ニ ペル ナりキ ノりサンブツ ノ セむサン リュりツり ノ トリクミ ト カダむ : フィリピン キギョり ノ ゞレむ ブンセキ

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    本論文は,東南アゞア地域における有機蟲業を支える担い手ずしお䌁業経営もしくは家族経営のいずれが䞭心になるかずいう問題意識のもずで,研究蓄積がほずんどない蟲䌁業による有機蟲産物の生産・流通の実態ず課題の解明を,フィリピンのマニラ近郊でレタス,ハヌブ,コヌヒヌ,茶の有機栜培ずその販売に先駆的に取り組んでいる株匏䌚瀟GOURMET FARMS INC(GF)の事䟋分析に基づいお詊みたものである。䞀぀の蟲䌁業の事䟋分析ずいう限界はあるが,以䞋のような生産・流通の実態ず課題が明らかになった。(1) 1GFでは幎間69回もレタスを連䜜するため,茪䜜䜓系の導入,モミガラ鶏糞の倧量投入,コヌヒヌパルプなどの副産物の有効利甚による地力維持が最倧の課題である。たた,生産拡倧のためには,呚蟺の契玄蟲堎でのレタス生産を増加しお需芁に適応した生産量を確保しながら,自瀟蟲堎での茪䜜䜓系を埐々に拡匵しおいくずいう方法が有効である。(2) マヌケティングによる経営の拡倧ず安定化を図るための方法ずしおは,次の3぀が特に重芁であるこずが明らかになった。a)盎営レストランによる消費の拡倧,b)品質管理システムの確立による顧客の確保,c)補品倚様化によるスヌパヌマヌケットでの有機野菜専甚の販売コヌナヌの確保。病害虫の発生に奜適な条件䞋にある東南アゞア地域では,零现で資本力や技術氎準が䜎く,しかも有効な販売手段をもたない家族経営が,有機蟲産物の生産・流通に成功するためには様々な困難を抱えおいる。GFの分析結果から芋る限り,東南アゞア地域では技術力・資金力・販売胜力を備えた蟲䌁業による有機蟲産物の自瀟生産さらには呚蟺蟲家ずの契玄生産が,有機蟲業の拡倧ず持続に有効であるこずが瀺唆された。This study clarifies the actual conditions and the problems of production and marketing of organic farm products by agribusiness in the Philippines. Through a case study of GROUMET FARMS INC (GF), the following issues could be identified in the promotion and the sustainment of organic vegetables by agribusiness. (1)GF has been continuously cultivating lettuce, six to nine times a year. Therefore the most important problem in organic production is how to maintain soil fertility by adopting crop rotation system and applying a large quantity of chicken manure and coffee pulp. An effective alternative method is to enlarge lettuce production on contract farms in the surrounding area, while gradually establishing crop rotation system on own farm. (2)The following three marketing strategies appeared to be effective for enlarging and stabilizing the farm management : a) increased demand at restaurants under direct management ; b) increased customers by establishing quality management system ; and c) setting up a special corner for organic products in supermarkets. In Southeast Asia while weather conditions favor the incidence of disease and insect damage, there are many problems challenging family farms of small scale, limited funds and low technology, for successful development of organic farm production and marketing. As is clearly indicated by the case study on the GF, development in organic farming can be expected from the increased production both on own farm and through a contract system by an agribusiness of high capability in technology, funding and marketing

    枩垯および熱垯アゞアにおけるオヒシバの地理的倉異

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    京郜倧孊0048新制・課皋博士博士(蟲孊)甲第6905号蟲博第923号新制||蟲||740(附属図曞通)孊䜍論文||H9||N3029(蟲孊郚図曞宀)16022UT51-97-H289京郜倧孊倧孊院蟲孊研究科蟲孊専攻(䞻査)教授 草薙 埗䞀, 教授 矢柀 進, 教授 櫻谷 哲倫孊䜍芏則第4条第1項該圓Doctor of Agricultural ScienceKyoto UniversityDA
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