Surface structuring in xy- and z-direction on the examples of peptide array synthesis and molecular layer deposition

In this thesis, the structuring of different surfaces in xy- and in z-direction is described. Structuring in xy-direction was investigated on the example of peptide arrays, using a newly developed matrix material for the \u27solid\u27 solvent peptide array synthesis. Additionally, the Ugi four component reaction was investigated as a tool for peptide array functionalization. Structuring in z-direction was performed by molecular layer deposition of bifunctional molecules via Thiol-Ene chemistry

Migration von /sw vom AFS ins DCE/DFS

/sw ist eine verteilte Softwarebereitstellung mit dem Ziel, jedem Benutzer Software zentral zur Verfügung zu stellen, ohne daß er sich darum kümmern muß, woher er seine Software bekommt. Für eine Außenstehenden ergibt sich somit das Bild eines großen Softwarepools, aus dem er sich fertig installierte Software für seine Plattform herunterladen kann. Voraussetzung dafür ist, daß ein Benuzter an seiner Workstation über AFS (Andrew File System), DFS (Distributed File System) oder ftp verfügt. Zur Zeit werden vom /sw für 18 verschiedenen Unix-Plattformen 594 Programme in 1024 verschiedenen Installationen angeboten. Die meisten Architekturen vom /sw liegen im AFS, bis auf die Architekturen DEC ALPHA, IRIX 4.0 und Linux, die im NFS liegen. In Zukunft wird es für die gesamte /sw Software nur noch eine Quelle geben, das DFS. Mit der Migration von /sw aus dem AFS ins DFS entfällt dann die Trennung von /sw in einen AFS-Teil und einem NFS-Teil und damit auch der AFS/NFS-Translators, der recht unstabil läuft. Die gesamte Software von /sw wurde aus dem AFS bzw. NFS ins DFS migriert, so daß für alle vom /sw unterstützten Architekturen nur noch eine Quelle zur Verfügung steht, die Stuttgarter DCE-Zelle. Jeder AFS-Klient hat über den AFS/DFS-Translator Zugriff auf /sw und für die NFS-Klienten wird das /sw-Fi-lesystem exportiert, so daß jeder NFS-Klient die Möglichkeit hat das DFS-Filesystem /sw zu mounten. Eine Workstation kann sowohl AFS- als auch DCE/DFS-Klient sein

Optimization of Solid-State Fermentation Parameters for the Production of Xylanase by \u3cem\u3eTrichoderma longibrachiatum\u3c/em\u3e on Wheat Bran

Solid-state fermentation has the potential to produce inexpensive enzymes for use in high-volume industrial applications. Process parameters such as substrate moisture content and length of fermentation can have a significant effect on the amount and timing of enzyme production. This study was conducted in two stages, a screening stage and an optimization stage, to determine the effects of moisture content of the substrate, surfactant addition upon inoculation, depth of the substrate, and duration of fermentation on xylanase activity produced by Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Screening fermentations were conducted at 25°C, 50 and 75% wet basis moisture content (w.b.), 0.0 and 0.2% v/v surfactant addition, 0.5 and 1.5 cm depth of wheat bran, and 5 and 10 days of fermentation. Optimization fermentations were conducted at 25°C, 45, 55, and 65% moisture content (w.b.), 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 cm depth of wheat bran, and three and five days of fermentation. Experiments were conducted as full factorial experiments with three replications of each treatment. The optimal values of the process variables were selected based on the units of xylanase activity produced per gram of wheat bran (U/g). Moisture content, depth of substrate, and duration of fermentation had significant main effects on the production of enzyme activity. Surfactant addition upon inoculation had interaction effects with moisture content, and the duration of fermentation by moisture content interaction also was significant. The treatment of 55% moisture content, 1.5 cm depth of substrate, and five days of fermentation resulted in the highest average xylanase activity (716 U/g wheat bran)

Optimization of Solid-State Fermentation Parameters for the Production of Xylanase by \u3cem\u3eTrichoderma longibrachiatum\u3c/em\u3e on Wheat Bran in a Forced Aeration System

The effect of aeration on the production of xylanase by Trichoderma longibrachiatum on wheat bran in a solid-state fermentation (SSF) system has not been investigated. This study was conducted to investigate the interactive effects of aeration, initial moisture content of the substrate, and depth of the substrate on xylanase activity produced in a tray fermenter. The experiment was conducted as a split plot experiment with factorial treatments and three replications of each treatment combination. The whole plot treatment was aeration rate (0, 2.9, 5.7 L/min/kg bran). Initial moisture content (45, 55, 65% w.b.) and depth of substrate (1.0 and 2.5 cm) were investigated factorially. Trays of wheat bran were assayed after fermentation by Trichoderma longibrachiatum to determine the production of xylanase activity. Aeration rate had a significant nonlinear effect on enzyme activity with highest yields obtained at an aeration rate of 2.9 L/min/kg bran (738 U/g, averaged over all initial moisture contents and depth of substrates). Initial moisture content of the substrate also had a significant nonlinear effect on enzyme activity with the highest yields at 55% (556 U/g, averaged over all airflow rates and depths of substrate). Depth of substrate had no significant statistical effect on enzyme activity. The treatment combination of 2.9 L/min/kg airflow rate and 55% moisture content resulted in the highest yields (948 U/g, averaged over depth of substrate)

Full humanization of the glycolytic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Although transplantation of single genes in yeast plays a key role in elucidating gene functionality in metazoans, technical challenges hamper humanization of full pathways and processes. Empowered by advances in synthetic biology, this study demonstrates the feasibility and implementation of full humanization of glycolysis in yeast. Single gene and full pathway transplantation revealed the remarkable conservation of glycolytic and moonlighting functions and, combined with evolutionary strategies, brought to light context-dependent responses. Human hexokinase 1 and 2, but not 4, required mutations in their catalytic or allosteric sites for functionality in yeast, whereas hexokinase 3 was unable to complement its yeast ortholog. Comparison with human tissues cultures showed preservation of turnover numbers of human glycolytic enzymes in yeast and human cell cultures. This demonstration of transplantation of an entire essential pathway paves the way for establishment of species-, tissue-, and disease-specific metazoan models

Solid-material-based Coupling Efficiency Analyzed with Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

The coupling behavior of a microparticle embedded amino acid active-ester into a Poly(ethylene glycol)methacrylate-film, synthesized onto a silicon wafer by a grafting from approach, is characterized using dynamic time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to analyze the 3d distribution of the amino acids in the polymer film. Besides standard solid phase peptide synthesis, employing solubilized amino acids in a solvent, we used solid polymer microparticles, incorporating the amino acids. These microparticles were especially designed for a new technique to produce high-density combinatorial peptide microarrays: upon heating, the particles become viscous, which releases the embedded amino acids to diffuse and couple to the surface. In the scope of the development of this new particle-based application, ToF-SIMS is used to analyze a complex chemically modified polymer surface layer. Due to depth profile measurements, it is possible to investigate the particle-based coupling reaction not only on the surface, but also into the depth of the PEGMA film

Selective Functionalization of Microstructured Surfaces by Laser-Assisted Particle Transfer

Microcavity arrays represent millions of different reaction compartments to screen for e.g. molecular interactions, exogenous factors for cells or enzymatic activity. We present a novel method to selectively synthesize different compounds in arrays of microcavities with up to 1,000,000 cavities per cm2. In our approach, polymer microparticles with embedded pre-activated monomers are selectively transferred into microcavities with laser radiation. After particle patterning, heating of the particle matrix simultaneously leads to diffusion and coupling of the monomers inside each microcavity separately. This method exhibits flexibility, not only in the choice of compounds, but also in the choice of particle matrix material, which determines the chemical reaction environment. The laser-assisted selective functionalization of microcavities can be easily combined with the intensively growing number of laser applications for patterning of molecules and cells, which is useful for the development of novel biological assays

Endoscopic full-thickness resection of T1 colorectal cancers:a retrospective analysis from a multicenter Dutch eFTR registry

Background Complete endoscopic resection and accurate histological evaluation for T1 colorectal cancer (CRC) are critical in determining subsequent treatment. Endoscopic full-thickness resection (eFTR) is a new treatment option for T1 CRC<2cm. We aimed to report clinical outcomes and short-term results. Methods Consecutive eFTR procedures for T1 CRC, prospectively recorded in our national registry between November 2015 and April 2020, were retrospectively analyzed. Primary outcomes were technical success and R0 resection. Secondary outcomes were histological risk assessment, curative resection, adverse events, and short-term outcomes. Results We included 330 procedures: 132 primary resections and 198 secondary scar resections after incomplete T1 CRC resection. Overall technical success, R0 resection, and curative resection rates were 87.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 82.7%-90.3%), 85.6% (95%CI 81.2%-89.2%), and 60.3% (95%CI 54.7%-65.7%). Curative resection rate was 23.7% (95%CI 15.9%-33.6%) for primary resection of T1 CRC and 60.8% (95%CI 50.4%-70.4%) after excluding deep submucosal invasion as a risk factor. Risk stratification was possible in 99.3%. The severe adverse event rate was 2.2%. Additional oncological surgery was performed in 49/320 (15.3%), with residual cancer in 11/49 (22.4%). Endoscopic follow-up was available in 200/242 (82.6%), with a median of 4 months and residual cancer in 1 (0.5%) following an incomplete resection. Conclusions eFTR is relatively safe and effective for resection of small T1 CRC, both as primary and secondary treatment. eFTR can expand endoscopic treatment options for T1 CRC and could help to reduce surgical overtreatment. Future studies should focus on long-term outcomes

Essential data variables for a minimum dataset for head and neck cancer trials and clinical research:HNCIG consensus recommendations and database

The Head and Neck Cancer International Group (HNCIG) has undertaken an international modified Delphi process to reach consensus on the essential data variables to be included in a minimum database for HNC research. Endorsed by 19 research organisations representing 34 countries, these recommendations provide the framework to facilitate and harmonise data collection and sharing for HNC research. These variables have also been incorporated into a ready to use downloadable HNCIG minimum database, available from the HNCIG website