A new, high-resolution global mass coral bleaching database

Episodes of mass coral bleaching have been reported in recent decades and have raised concerns about the future of coral reefs on a warming planet. Despite the efforts to enhance and coordinate coral reef monitoring within and across countries, our knowledge of the geographic extent of mass coral bleaching over the past few decades is incomplete. Existing databases, like ReefBase, are limited by the voluntary nature of contributions, geographical biases in data collection, and the variations in the spatial scale of bleaching reports. In this study, we have developed the first-ever gridded, global-scale historical coral bleaching database. First, we conducted a targeted search for bleaching reports not included in ReefBase by personally contacting scientists and divers conducting monitoring in under-reported locations and by extracting data from the literature. This search increased the number of observed bleaching reports by 79%, from 4146 to 7429. Second, we employed spatial interpolation techniques to develop annual 0.04 degrees x 0.04 degrees latitude-longitude global maps of the probability that bleaching occurred for 1985 through 2010. Initial results indicate that the area of coral reefs with a more likely than not (> 50%) or likely (> 66%) probability of bleaching was eight times higher in the second half of the assessed time period, after the 1997/1998 El Nino. The results also indicate that annual maximum Degree Heating Weeks, a measure of thermal stress, for coral reefs with a high probability of bleaching increased over time. The database will help the scientific community more accurately assess the change in the frequency of mass coral bleaching events, validate methods of predicting mass coral bleaching, and test whether coral reefs are adjusting to rising ocean temperatures

Analysis of Implementation the Evaluation of Guidance and Counseling Program at Senior High Schools of Singkawang

Focus of this study are (1) describe and analyze the implementation of the guidance and counseling program, (2) find some factors inhibiting the implementation of the guidance and counseling program. This study uses qualitative methods; using interview data collecting technique, tested its validity through triangulation. Subjects in this study are all teachers of guidance and counseling in the Senior High School of Singkawang as many as 10 people as well as principals and supervisors as the informants with the total of 11 people. Results (1) the implementation of evaluation of guidance and counseling program by the teachers still has many weaknesses on each phase of the evaluation, such as not understanding the evaluation models of the guidance and counseling program, how to apply them, and monitoring process that is not done in deeply and in detail, (2) Some factors inhibiting the implementation of the evaluation of guidance and counseling program are lack of knowledge and understanding of the evaluation of guidance and counseling program in the schools, lack of interest in developing professional competencies, and lack of guidance to the teachers in implementing the guidance and counseling evaluation program

Summary of observational bleaching data.

<p>Summary of observational bleaching data.</p

Annual number of bleaching observations for 1985–2010.

<p>Blue bars represent original ReefBase reports; orange bars represent new reports. Shading reflects bleaching level, from mild (1–10%) or unknown extent of bleaching (levels 1 and -1 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0175490#pone.0175490.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>, lightest colour) to severe (>50%) bleaching (level 3, darkest colour).</p

Mean, quartile range, and 5^th and 95^th percentile of reef area-weighted annual maximum DHW of a) all reef cells and b) reef cells with at least 50% probability of bleaching (more likely than not) from 1985–2010.

<p>Note that the density of bleaching reports was too low in years 1985, 1986, and 1989–94 for the interpolation to succeed.</p

Annual area of moderate and severe (level 2 and 3) bleaching observations for 1985–2010.

<p>The area is computed from 0.04° × 0.04° latitude-longitude grid cells containing original ReefBase reports (navy blue), new records (orange), and those in both datasets (grey).</p

Total area (km²) of moderate and severe (level 2 and 3) bleaching by region over the 1985–2010 period.

<p>The area is computed based on 0.04° × 0.04° latitude-longitude grid cells representing original ReefBase reports (blue) and new reports (orange).</p

Thermal stress for reefs with different bleaching probabilities.

<p>Thermal stress for reefs with different bleaching probabilities.</p

Number of 0.04° × 0.04° latitude-longitude grid cells with different estimated probabilities of bleaching from 1985–2010.

<p>Note that the density of bleaching reports was too low in years 1985, 1986, and 1989–94 for the interpolation to succeed.</p

Bleaching database legend.

<p>Bleaching database legend.</p