Internal stress as a link between macroscale and mesoscale mechanics

The internal (or residual) stress is among the key notions to describe the state of the systems far from equilibrium. Such stress is invisible on the macroscopic scale where the system is regarded as a blackbox. Yet nonequilibrium macroscopic operations allow to create and observe the internal stress. We present in this lecture some examples of the internal stress and its operations. We describe the memory effect in some detail, the process in which the history of past operations is recalled through the relaxation of internal stress.Comment: 11pages, 2 figures, 7 equations: Refereed notes of the Lectures given at "Morphogenesis through the interplay of nonlinear chemical instabilities and elastic active media" July 2-14 2007. to be published from Springer (NATO series

UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN KERSEN (Muntingia Calabura L) TERHADAP BAKTERI STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

ABSTRACT Background :Kersen leaf contain secondary metabolite substance such as flavonoid, tannin and saponin, which combining them could use as antibacterial. purpose : The Purpose of this research to recognize effectiveness of Kersen leaf as antibacterial (Muntingia Calabura [L]) towards Staphylococcus Aureus. Research method :This research is a experimental study with posttest only control group design. This research was conducted on May 2015. In this research there are two group namely intervention and control, sample is Staphylococcus aureus culture. This research using five concentration extract of Kersen leaf namely 12,5%, 25%, 50%, 75% dan 100% and two control : positive control (Amoxycilin) besides negative control solvent, each treatment repetitive 5 time for each group. KHM value determine by measure inhibition zone diameter on blood agar media which has streak bacterial suspension from each concentration than incubate for 24 hours. Then data were inhibition zone diameter were analyze used one-way ANOVA with P scor

Reliability of genetic bottleneck tests for detecting recent population declines

The identification of population bottlenecks is critical in conservation because populations that have experienced significant reductions in abundance are subject to a variety of genetic and demographic processes that can hasten extinction. Genetic bottleneck tests constitute an appealing and popular approach for determining if a population decline has occurred because they only require sampling at a single point in time, yet reflect demographic history over multiple generations. However, a review of the published literature indicates that, as typically applied, microsatellite-based bottleneck tests often do not detect bottlenecks in vertebrate populations known to have experienced declines. This observation was supported by simulations that revealed that bottleneck tests can have limited statistical power to detect bottlenecks largely as a result of limited sample sizes typically used in published studies. Moreover, commonly assumed values for mutation model parameters do not appear to encompass variation in microsatellite evolution observed in vertebrates and, on average, the proportion of multi-step mutations is underestimated by a factor of approximately two. As a result, bottleneck tests can have a higher probability of detecting bottlenecks in stable populations than expected based on the nominal significance level. We provide recommendations that could add rigor to inferences drawn from future bottleneck tests and highlight new directions for the characterization of demographic history