Prevalence of AmpC β-lactamase among Gram-negative bacteria recovered from clinical specimens in Benin City, Nigeria

Purpose: Infections caused by AmpC-positive bacteria results in high patient morbidity and mortality making their detection clinically important as they cannot be detected in routine susceptibility testing. This study aim to determine the prevalence of AmpC β-lactamase among Gram negative bacteria recovered from clinical specimens in Benin City, Nigeria.Methods: A total of 256 consecutive and non-repetitive Gram negative bacteria were recovered from various clinical specimens. The prevalence of AmpC β-lactamase was determined using a combination of disc antagonism test and cefoxitin-cloxacillin inhibition test. Disc susceptibility test was performed on all isolates using standard techniques.Results: Cefoxitin-cloxacillin inhibition test detected more AmpC β-lactamase than other tests. The prevalence of AmpC β-lactamase did not differ significantly between both genders and between inpatients and out-patients (p>0.05). Isolates recovered from sputum had significantly higher prevalence of AmpC β-lactamase producers compared with isolates from other clinical specimens (p=0.0484). The prevalence of AmpC production was significantly higher among isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa than other isolates (p = 0.0085). Isolates that produced AmpC β-lactamase were more susceptible to the test cephalosoprins.Conclusion: An overall prevalence of AmpC β-lactamase (15.23 %) was observed in this study. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most prevalent producer of AmpC enzymes. Prudent use of antibiotics is advocated.Keywords: AmpC β-lactamase producers, antibiotics utilization, prevalence, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, routine susceptibility testin

Prevalence of Otitis Media in Okada Community, Edo State, Nigeria

Aim. To determine the prevalence of otitis media in Okada, a rural community in Nigeria, and the effect of age and gender on its prevalence as well as susceptibility profile of the bacterial agents in the community.Material and Methods. Ear discharge from 500 (240 males and 260 females) patients with signs and symptoms of otitis media were processed to recover bacterial agents. Susceptibility test was performed on all bacterial isolates. Results. Male gender was a significant (P = 0.011) risk factor for acquiring otitis media (male Vs female; 36.25% Vs 25.38%. OR = 1.671 95 CI = 1.139, 2.454). Age significantly (P < 0.0001) affected the prevalence of otitis media with children within the age range of 0 – 5years having the highest prevalence of 78.41%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the predominant bacteria isolate causing otitis media generally and in both gender. All bacterial isolates showed were poorly susceptible to the antibacterial agents used as less than 50 percent of any bacteria genera were susceptible to any antibacterial agent.Conclusion. An overall prevalence of 30.6% of bacteriologically proven otitis media was observed in this study. The prevalence were higher in males and in children 5 years and younger. Following the high level resistance observed, rational use of antibacterial agents is advocated

Prevalence and determinants of low birth weight: the situation in a traditional birth home in Benin City, Nigeria

Background: The traditional birth attendant delivers majority of pregnant women in Nigeria.Objective: This study aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors for delivery of low birth weight (LBW) neonates in a Traditional Birth Home (TBH)in Benin City, Nigeria.Methods: A total of 780 pregnant women who received ante-natal care at a TBH and live singletons born to them were recruited for this study. Venous blood was collected from all pregnant women at onset of labour, and haemogblobin concentration determined using standard method.Results: The prevalence of low birth weight was 6.3%, and was significantly affected by maternal age (P =0.039), gestational age (P=0.019), maternal height (P = 0.001), marital status (P = 0.015), and time of registration (P = 0.016). Being in a polygamous union, was significantly associated with the prevalence of LBW (OR = 13.640; 95%CI: = 6.148, 30.261; P = &lt; 0.0001). Maternal anaemia was identified as a risk factor for the delivering of LBW neonates (OR = 2.797; 95% CI = 1.555, 5.029; P = 0.0001).Conclusion: The prevalence of low birth weight was 6.3%. Intervention by appropriate agencies is advocated to reduce LBW in TBHs in Nigeria.Keywords: low birth weight, risk factors, TBH, Nigeria.

Prevalence of malaria and anaemia among HIV infected patients in Benin City, Nigeria

Objective: To determine the prevalence of malaria and anaemia in HIV-infected persons and the effect of age, gender and CD4+T cell counts thereon. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 491 patients (240 female) attending an out patient clinic. Malaria parasitaemia was diagnosed by microscopy while anaemia was defi ned as haemoglobin concentration <130g/L in males and <120g/L in females. The CD4 + T cell count was estimated by fl ow cytometry.Results: HIV infection was a risk factor for malaria infection(OR: 16.31; 95% CI: 7.41-35.87; p < 0.0001). CD4+T cell counts was equally a signifi cant risk factor in malaria infection among HIVinfected patients (OR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.28-3.02; p = 0.002). The prevalence of anaemia was signifi cantly affected by HIV-infection (OR: 25.12; 95% CI: 11.42-55.28; p < 0.0001) while age was not associated with increased risk of malaria infection (p=0.13).Conclusions: A prevalence of 46.0% of malaria infection among HIV-infected was observed. HIV-infected patients were more likely to develop malaria and anaemia, while CD4+T cell counts < 200cells/μL was associated with an increased risk of malaria infection among HIV-infected. Age and gender did not affect the prevalence of malaria. HIV status should be considered early in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected malaria and anaemia

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Sulfadoxine Antibody Among Patients Undergoing Treatment for Malaria in Benin City, Nigeria

Objectives: Because of lack of data on the prevalence of sulfadoxine antibody, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of sulfadoxine antibodies and its possible risk factors. Methods: Blood specimens were collected from 500 patients undergoing treatment for malaria at Central Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information and sociodemographic data. Sulfadoxine antibodies were detected by drug absorption (DAT) and immune complex (IMC) methods. ABO, rhesus blood group, and hemoglobin (Hb) phenotype were determined by using standard technique. Results: DAT method had a significantly higher rate of detecting sulfadoxine antibodies compared to IMC method (p = 0.019). Age, gender, and level of education did not affect the prevalence of sulfadoxine antibodies (p > 0.050). Patients that were an artisan (p < 0.001), married (p = 0.025), living in a two-room apartment (p = 0.003), had history of drug reaction, consumed antimalarial drug (maloxine), and consumed sulfadoxine-containing drug within the last month (p < 0.001 each), and significantly affected the prevalence of sulfadoxine antibodies. Individuals with Hb phenotype AA had significantly higher prevalence of sulfadoxine antibodies (p < 0.001), and presence of rhesus D antigen was associated with sulfadoxine antibodies. Conclusions: An overall prevalence of 22.0% among the tested individuals had sulfadoxine antibodies. Prudent use of sulfadoxine containing drugs is advocated

Prevalence of Malaria and Anemia among Pregnant Women Attending a Traditional Birth Home in Benin City, Nigeria

Abstract Objectives: To determine the prevalence of malaria and anemia among pregnant women attending a traditional birth center as well as the effect of herbal remedies, gravidity, age, educational background and malaria prevention methods on their prevalence. Methods: Blood specimens were collected from 119 pregnant women attending a Traditional Birth Home in Benin City, Nigeria. Malaria parasitemia was diagnosed by microscopy while anemia was defined as hemoglobin concentration &lt;11 g/dL. Results: The prevalence of malaria infection was (OR=4.35 95% CI=1.213, 15.600; p=0.016) higher among primigravidae (92.1%). Pregnant women (38.5%) with tertiary level of education had significantly lower prevalence of malaria infection (p=0.002). Malaria significantly affected the prevalence of anemia (p&lt;0.05). Anemia was associated with consumption of herbal remedies (OR=2.973; 95% CI=1.206, 7.330; p=0.017). The prevalence of malaria parasitemia and anemia were not affected by malaria prevention methods used by the participants. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of malaria infection and anemia observed in this study were 78.9% and 46.2%, respectively. Higher prevalence of malaria infection was associated with primigravidae and lower prevalence with tertiary education of subjects. Anemia was associated with consumption of herbal remedies. There is urgent need to control the prevalence of malaria and anemia among pregnant women attending traditional birth homes

Association between ABO and RH blood groups and Hepatitis b virus infection among young Nigerian adults

Background: Several diseases are reported to be associated with ABO/Rh blood groups. Data on the association between ABO and Rh D blood group antigens in the Nigerian population is sparse. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of HBV infection as well as its association with ABO and Rh D antigens among young Nigerian adults. Methods: Whole blood was collected from 496 students and screened for the presence of HBsAg using immuno-chromatographic technique. The ABO as well as Rh D antigen status of participants was also determined using standard techniques. . Results: The prevalence of HBV infection was 2.10%. Over half (51.5%) of subjects were of the blood group O type, while 3.6% were of the AB blood type which was the least in occurrence. Rh D negative blood group was observed among 24 (4.8%) subjects. Those with the B blood type were observed to have an insignificantly (P = 0.3105) higher prevalence of HBV infection. However, with respect to Rh D antigen alone, participants negative for the antigen were observed to have a five times higher risk of acquiring HBV infection than those positive for it (OR = 5.273, 95% CI = 1.056, 26.321, P = 0.079). Combining the ABO and Rh blood group systems, an association (OR = 20.174; P = 0.059) was found to exist between B Rh D negative status and HBV infection. Conclusion:&nbsp; A combination of the presence of B antigen and absence of Rh D antigen increases the risk of acquiring HBV infection

Prevalence and determinants of low birth weight: the situation in a traditional birth home in Benin City, Nigeria

Background: The traditional birth attendant delivers majority of pregnant women in Nigeria. Objective: This study aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors for delivery of low birth weight (LBW) neonates in a Traditional Birth Home (TBH)in Benin City, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 780 pregnant women who received ante-natal care at a TBH and live singletons born to them were recruited for this study. Venous blood was collected from all pregnant women at onset of labour, and haemogblobin concentration determined using standard method. Results: The prevalence of low birth weight was 6.3%, and was significantly affected by maternal age (P =0.039), gestational age (P=0.019), maternal height (P = 0.001), marital status (P = 0.015), and time of registration (P = 0.016). Being in a polygamous union, was significantly associated with the prevalence of LBW (OR = 13.640; 95%CI: = 6.148, 30.261; P = &lt; 0.0001). Maternal anaemia was identified as a risk factor for the delivering of LBW neonates (OR = 2.797; 95% CI = 1.555, 5.029; P = 0.0001). Conclusion: The prevalence of low birth weight was 6.3%. Intervention by appropriate agencies is advocated to reduce LBW in TBHs in Nigeria

Intestinal parasitic infections in Okada rural community, Edo State, Nigeria: a four year retrospective study

Intestinal parasitic infections are associated with morbidity and mortality worldwide. Data on prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection is sparse in rural Nigeria. Against this background, this study aimed at determining the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections within a four year period in the rural community of Okada, Edo State, Nigeria. Fecal samples obtained from 1528 patients (consisting of 740 males and 788 females) presenting with signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis at the Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital, Okada were examined for presence of ova, cyst and trophozoites of parasites using standard methods. Patient’s age ranged from 6 months to 73 years. Study was conducted between 2007 and 2010. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections increased significantly (P=0.003) from 14.7% in 2007 to 22.5% in 2010. In the study period, gender did not affect the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection (P&gt;0.05). Patients within &lt;1-10 years had significantly higher prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most predominant parasitic agent, while Schistosoma japonicum was the least prevalent. With respect to parasite, males were observed to have consistently higher prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica infection. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was observed to significantly increase from 2007 to 2010. Age was a risk factor for acquiring intestinal parasitic infection. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most predominant parasitic agent in all years of study. Control and prevention measures are advocated