Determination of Percent Hemoglobin A1c Using a Potentiometric Method

We report a potentiometric method for measuring the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin) concentration, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and percent HbA1c (%HbA1c) in human blood hemolysate. The %HbA1c is important for diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Alizarin red s (ARS) is used as a redox indicator. Phenylboronic acid (PBA) binds to both ARS and HbA1c via diol–boronic acid complexation. The binding of PBA to ARS shifts its redox potential negatively. However, when HbA1c competes with ARS for PBA binding, the solution potential shifts positively. This shift is linked to the HbA1c concentration. The concentration of Hb is determined by allowing it to react with Fe­(CN)₆^3–. The potential shift arising from the reduction of Fe­(CN)₆^3– by Hb is proportional to the logarithm of the Hb concentration. The results obtained for %HbA1c in human blood hemolysate are in good agreement with those determined using a reference method

Paper-Based Electrochemical Sensing Platform with Integral Battery and Electrochromic Read-Out

We report a battery-powered, microelectrochemical sensing platform that reports its output using an electrochromic display. The platform is fabricated based on paper fluidics and uses a Prussian blue spot electrodeposited on an indium-doped tin oxide thin film as the electrochromic indicator. The integrated metal/air battery powers both the electrochemical sensor and the electrochromic read-out, which are in electrical contact via a paper reservoir. The sample activates the battery and the presence of analyte in the sample initiates the color change of the Prussian blue spot. The entire system is assembled on the lab bench, without the need for cleanroom facilities. The applicability of the device to point-of-care sensing is demonstrated by qualitative detection of 0.1 mM glucose and H₂O₂ in artificial urine samples

Paper-Based Electrochemical Sensing Platform with Integral Battery and Electrochromic Read-Out

We report a battery-powered, microelectrochemical sensing platform that reports its output using an electrochromic display. The platform is fabricated based on paper fluidics and uses a Prussian blue spot electrodeposited on an indium-doped tin oxide thin film as the electrochromic indicator. The integrated metal/air battery powers both the electrochemical sensor and the electrochromic read-out, which are in electrical contact via a paper reservoir. The sample activates the battery and the presence of analyte in the sample initiates the color change of the Prussian blue spot. The entire system is assembled on the lab bench, without the need for cleanroom facilities. The applicability of the device to point-of-care sensing is demonstrated by qualitative detection of 0.1 mM glucose and H₂O₂ in artificial urine samples

Paper-Based Electrochemical Sensing Platform with Integral Battery and Electrochromic Read-Out

We report a battery-powered, microelectrochemical sensing platform that reports its output using an electrochromic display. The platform is fabricated based on paper fluidics and uses a Prussian blue spot electrodeposited on an indium-doped tin oxide thin film as the electrochromic indicator. The integrated metal/air battery powers both the electrochemical sensor and the electrochromic read-out, which are in electrical contact via a paper reservoir. The sample activates the battery and the presence of analyte in the sample initiates the color change of the Prussian blue spot. The entire system is assembled on the lab bench, without the need for cleanroom facilities. The applicability of the device to point-of-care sensing is demonstrated by qualitative detection of 0.1 mM glucose and H₂O₂ in artificial urine samples

Three-Dimensional Paper Microfluidic Devices Assembled Using the Principles of Origami

We report a method, based on the principles of origami (paper folding), for fabricating three-dimensional (3-D) paper microfluidic devices. The entire 3-D device is fabricated on a single sheet of flat paper in a single photolithographic step. It is assembled by simply folding the paper by hand. Following analysis, the device can be unfolded to reveal each layer. The applicability of the device to chemical analysis is demonstrated by colorimetric and fluorescence assays using multilayer microfluidic networks

Paper-Based Electrochemical Sensing Platform with Integral Battery and Electrochromic Read-Out

We report a battery-powered, microelectrochemical sensing platform that reports its output using an electrochromic display. The platform is fabricated based on paper fluidics and uses a Prussian blue spot electrodeposited on an indium-doped tin oxide thin film as the electrochromic indicator. The integrated metal/air battery powers both the electrochemical sensor and the electrochromic read-out, which are in electrical contact via a paper reservoir. The sample activates the battery and the presence of analyte in the sample initiates the color change of the Prussian blue spot. The entire system is assembled on the lab bench, without the need for cleanroom facilities. The applicability of the device to point-of-care sensing is demonstrated by qualitative detection of 0.1 mM glucose and H₂O₂ in artificial urine samples

Electrocatalytic Reduction of Oxygen on Platinum Nanoparticles in the Presence and Absence of Interactions with the Electrode Surface

We report that ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O₃) treatment can be used to remove sixth-generation, hydroxyl-terminated poly­(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers from dendrimer-encapsulated Pt nanoparticles (Pt DENs) previously immobilized onto a pyrolyzed photoresist film (PPF) electrode. Results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical experiments indicate that removal of the dendrimer proceeds without changes to the size, shape, or electrocatalytic properties of the encapsulated nanoparticles. The UV/O₃ treatment did not damage the PPF electrode. The electrocatalytic properties of the DENs before and after removal of the dendrimer were nearly identical

High-Efficiency Generation-Collection Microelectrochemical Platform for Interrogating Electroactive Thin Films

Here we report on the development of a high-efficiency, dual channel-electrode (DCE) generation-collection system and its application for interrogating redox-active surface-adsorbed thin films. DCE systems consist of two electrodes configured on the base of a microfluidic channel. Under laminar flow conditions, a redox reaction can be driven on the upstream generator electrode, and the products carried by convection to the downstream collector electrode where the reverse redox reaction occurs. One significant outcome of this report is that simple fabrication techniques can be used to prepare DCE systems that have collection efficiencies of up to 97%. This level of efficiency makes it possible to quantitatively measure the charge associated with redox-active thin films interposed between the generator and collector electrodes. This is important, because it provides a means for interrogating species that are not in sufficiently close proximity to an electrode to enable direct electron transfer or electroactive films adsorbed to insulating surfaces. Here, the method is demonstrated by comparing results from this indirect surface interrogation method, using Fe­(CN)₆^3– as the redox probe, and direct electroreduction of Au oxide thin films. These experimental results are further compared to finite-element simulations

Paper-Based SlipPAD for High-Throughput Chemical Sensing

We report a paper analytical device (PAD) that is based on the SlipChip concept. This SlipPAD enables robust, high-throughput, multiplexed sensing while maintaining the extreme simplicity of paper-based analysis. The SlipPAD is comprised of two wax-patterned paper fluidic layers. By slipping one layer relative to the other, solutions wick simultaneously into a large array of sensing reservoirs or sequentially into a large array of channels to carry out homogeneous or heterogeneous assays, respectively. The applicability of the device to high-throughput multiplex chemical analysis is demonstrated by colorimetric and fluorescent assays