Standardization Of A Method Of Prolonged Thoracic Surgery And Mechanical Ventilation In Rats To Evaluate Local And Systemic Inflammation.

To evaluate the immediate pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response after a long-term operative period. Wistar rats in the experimental group were anaesthetized and submitted to tracheostomy, thoracotomy and remained on mechanical ventilation during three hours. Control animals were not submitted to the operative protocol. The following parameters have been evaluated: pulmonary myeloperoxidase activity, pulmonary serum protein extravasation, lung wet/dry weight ratio and measurement of levels of cytokines in serum. Operated animals exhibited significantly lower serum protein extravasation in lungs compared with control animals. The lung wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase activity did not differ between groups. Serum cytokines IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels were not detected in groups, whereas IL-6 was detected only in operated animals. The experimental mechanical ventilation in rats with a prolonged surgical time did not produce significant local and systemic inflammatory changes and permit to evaluate others procedures in thoracic surgery.2638-4

Simvastatin attenuates neutrophil recruitment in one-lung ventilation model in rats

PURPOSE: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of simvastatin in rats undergoing one-lung ventilation (OLV) followed by lung re-expansion. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n=30) were submitted to 1-h OLV followed by 1-h lung re-expansion. Treated group received simvastatin (40 mg/kg for 21 days) previous to OLV protocol. Control group received no treatment or surgical/ventilation interventions. Measurements of pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, pulmonary protein extravasation, and serum levels of cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) were performed. RESULTS: OLV significantly increased the MPO activity in the collapsed and continuously ventilated lungs (31% and 52% increase, respectively) compared with control (p<0.05). Treatment with simvastatin significantly reduced the MPO activity in the continuously ventilated lung but had no effect on lung edema after OLV. The serum IL-6 and CRP levels were markedly higher in OLV group, but simvastatin treatment failed to affect the production of these inflammatory markers. Serum levels of IL-1&#946;, TNF-&#945; and IL-10 remained below the detection limit in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: In an experimental one-lung ventilation model pre-operative treatment with simvastatin reduces remote neutrophil infiltration in the continuously ventilated lung. Our findings suggest that simvastatin may be of therapeutic value in OLV-induced pulmonary inflammation deserving clinical investigations.To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of simvastatin in rats undergoing one-lung ventilation (OLV) followed by lung re-expansion. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n=30) were submitted to 1-h OLV followed by 1-h lung re-expansion. Treated group received simvastatin (40 mg/kg for 21 days) previous to OLV protocol. Control group received no treatment or surgical/ventilation interventions. Measurements of pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, pulmonary protein extravasation, and serum levels of cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) were performed. RESULTS: OLV significantly increased the MPO activity in the collapsed and continuously ventilated lungs (31% and 52% increase, respectively) compared with control (p<0.05). Treatment with simvastatin significantly reduced the MPO activity in the continuously ventilated lung but had no effect on lung edema after OLV. The serum IL-6 and CRP levels were markedly higher in OLV group, but simvastatin treatment failed to affect the production of these inflammatory markers. Serum levels of IL-1&#946;, TNF-&#945; and IL-10 remained below the detection limit in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: In an experimental one-lung ventilation model pre-operative treatment with simvastatin reduces remote neutrophil infiltration in the continuously ventilated lung. Our findings suggest that simvastatin may be of therapeutic value in OLV-induced pulmonary inflammation deserving clinical investigations28424525

Simvastatin Attenuates Neutrophil Recruitment In One-lung Ventilation Model In Rats.

To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of simvastatin in rats undergoing one-lung ventilation (OLV) followed by lung re-expansion. Male Wistar rats (n=30) were submitted to 1-h OLV followed by 1-h lung re-expansion. Treated group received simvastatin (40 mg/kg for 21 days) previous to OLV protocol. Control group received no treatment or surgical/ventilation interventions. Measurements of pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, pulmonary protein extravasation, and serum levels of cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) were performed. OLV significantly increased the MPO activity in the collapsed and continuously ventilated lungs (31% and 52% increase, respectively) compared with control (p<0.05). Treatment with simvastatin significantly reduced the MPO activity in the continuously ventilated lung but had no effect on lung edema after OLV. The serum IL-6 and CRP levels were markedly higher in OLV group, but simvastatin treatment failed to affect the production of these inflammatory markers. Serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 remained below the detection limit in all groups. In an experimental one-lung ventilation model pre-operative treatment with simvastatin reduces remote neutrophil infiltration in the continuously ventilated lung. Our findings suggest that simvastatin may be of therapeutic value in OLV-induced pulmonary inflammation deserving clinical investigations.28245-5

The influence of clamp usage on clot deposit formation inside thoracic drains

BACKGROUND: A prospective study was done to evaluate the influence of clamp usage on clot formation inside thoracic drains. METHODS: Each drain was weighed soon after removal; they were then washed, dried and weighed again. The difference between the first and second weights was taken as the amount of clot deposit formed. RESULTS: We found more clots accumulated inside the drains that were temporarily obstructed by the clamp. CONCLUSION: In this study, there were more clots formation inside thoracic drains clamped, even if they were occluded intermittently. This can lead thoracic drains to function improperly. The discussion about the correct usage of thoracic drains must be a subject for educational programs for physicians and nurses, to aim for the safest use of this widely used and highly efficient system.OBJETIVO: Conduziu-se este estudo prospectivo a fim de avaliar-se a influência do uso da braçadeira sobre o acúmulo de coágulos dentro dos drenos pleurais. MÉTODO: Os drenos pleurais foram pesados logo após sua retirada, lavados e secados e pesados novamente. A diferença entre a primeira e a segunda pesagem foi admitida como a quantidade de coágulos acumulada. RESULTADOS: Houve maior acúmulo de coágulo nos drenos temporariamente obstruídos por braçadeira em relação àqueles não obstruídos. CONCLUSÃO: Notou-se, neste estudo, maior acúmulo de coágulo dentro de drenos pleurais obstruídos, mesmo que intermitentemente, o que pode levar ao mau funcionamento de todo o sistema de drenagem. A discussão sobre o correto uso dos drenos pleurais deve ser constante e fazer parte de programas de educação continuada para médicos e enfermagem, a fim de que este sistema, amplamente utilizado e altamente eficiente, seja otimizado.798

Evaluation of the inflammatory response in normothermic pulmonary ischemia and reperfusion in mice undergone to physical regular exercise

Orientador: Ivan Felizardo Contrera ToroTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias MedicasResumo: Objetivos: A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do treinamento físico na resposta inflamatória (permeabilidade vascular e influxo neutrofílico) após isquemia-reperfusão pulmonar (IRP) em ratos. Considerando que o treinamento físico tem propriedades protetoras em determinadas doenças cardiovasculares, hipotetizamos que animais submetidos a treinamento com exercício físico podem ficar protegidos contra a lesão causada pela isquemia e reperfusão pulmonar. Métodos: ratos Wistar machos (pesando entre 350g e 450g) foram divididos em três grupos: sham operados (SHAM); animais sedentários submetidos à isquemia-reperfusão (IR/SD) e animais treinados submetidos à isquemia-reperfusão (IR/TR). Animais treinados foram submetidos a um programa de oito semanas de treinamento em corrida, com sessões de 60min por dia, cinco dias por semana. Os ratos foram anestesiados e ventilados artificialmente. Após a toracotomia, a artéria pulmonar esquerda, o brônquio principal esquerdo e a veia pulmonar esquerda foram clampeados, mantendo o pulmão inflado parcialmente por 90 minutos. O clampe foi então removido e os pulmões voltaram a ventilar, e foram reperfundidos por duas horas. A circulação pulmonar foi perfundida através do tronco arterial pulmonar com solução salina. O extravasamento de proteína plasmática foi medido através do acúmulo de albumina sérica marcada com I. em ambos os pulmões, enquanto que a infiltração neutrofílica foi medida através da atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO). 125Resultados: Após oito semanas de treinamento em corrida, o peso corpóreo foi significativamente menor em 15% no grupo treinado comparado com o do grupo sedentário (p<0,05). A contagem de células mononucleares e polimorfonucleares em ratos treinados não se altera significativamente quando comparada à dos ratos sedentários. A IRP causou acentuado aumento (p< 0,05) na permeabilidade vascular e na atividade da mieloperoxidase do pulmão direito dos animais sedentários. O precondicionamento físico dos animais atenuou significativamente (p< 0,05) a elevação da permeabilidade vascular, sem afetar o influxo neutrofílico. O protocolo de isquemia e reperfusão também resultou em níveis elevados de IL-1 ß e TNF-a no grupo sedentário, e foram revertidos pelo programa de treinamento em corrida. Os níveis séricos de IL-10 não foram alterados nos três grupos. Conclusões: Os dados deste estudo mostram que o precondicionamento físico atenua a elevação da permeabilidade vascular, mas não o influxo neutrofílico induzido pela isquemia-reperfusão em ratos. Estes dados sugerem que o treinamento físico age no componente vascular mas não no celular da resposta inflamatória, deste modelo, protegendo contra a lesão pulmonar causada pela isquemia-reperfusãoAbstract: Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of exercise training on the inflammatory response (vascular permeability and neutrophil influx) after lung ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Considering that exercise training have protective properties in certain cardiovascular disease, we hypothesized that animals undergoing exercise physical training would be protective against direct lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods: Male Wistar rats (weighing 350g and 450g) were divided into tree groups: Sham operated (SHAM); sedentary animals submitted to ischemia-reperfusion (IR/SD) and trained animals submitted to ischemia-reperfusion (IR/TR). Trained animals underwent 8 weeks of run training program in sessions of 60 min/day, 5 days/week. Rats were anesthetized and artificially ventilated. After thoracotomy, the left pulmonary artery, bronchus and pulmonary vein were occluded, maintaining the lung in a partially inflated state for 90min. The clamp was then removed, and lungs were allowed to ventilate and reperfuse for 2h. The pulmonary circulation was flushed through the main pulmonary artery with salin solution. Protein plasma extravasation was measured as accumulation of human serum albumin labeled with I in the botht lung tissues, whereas neutrophil infiltration was measured as the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity.125 Results: After 8 weeks of run training, the body weight was significantly 15% lower in trained groups compared with the sedentary group (p<0.05). Counts of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells in trained rats did not significantly changed compared with sedentary rats. The lung ischemia-reperfusion caused a marked increase (p<0.05) in vascular permeability and MPO activity in the right lung of sedentary animals. The physical preconditioning of the animals significantly attenuated (p<0.05) the increased vascular permeability, without affecting the neutrophil influx. The ischemia-reperfusion protocols also resulted in increased levels of serum IL-1ß and TNF-a in sedentary group, and that was reversed by run training program. The serum levels IL-10 were not altered in all groups. Conclusions: Our data show that physical preconditioning attenuate the increased vascular permeability but not the neutrophil influx induced by rat lung ischemia-reperfusion. This data suggests that physical training act in the vascular (but not in the cellular) component of the inflammatory response to protect against the injury caused by lung ischemia-reperfusionDoutoradoCirurgiaDoutor em Cirurgi

Analise dos resultados da cirurgia da estenose laringotraqueal e traqueal na Unicamp

Orientador: Ivan Felizardo Contrera ToroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias MedicasResumo: A cirurgia da traquéia apresenta algumas pecularidades que a torna extremamente atraente para o cirurgião torácico. O objetivo desta pesquisa é apresentar e avaliar os resultados de 68 doentes operados por estenose laringotraqueal e traqueal no Serviço de Cirurgia Torácica da Unicamp do período de novembro de 1979 a agosto de 2001. Foram analisados os resultados e sua associação com: a presença de traqueostomia prévia, localização anatômica da lesão, técnica de ventilação empregada, tipo de operação realizada, extensão da ressecção, fios utilizados na anastomose, local em que foi realizada a anastomose. Avaliamos a experiência adquirida comparando as duas fases de nossa casuística divididas em setembro de 1996 em dois grupos de 34 doentes comparando resultados e complicações. Para testar a associação entre as variáveis foi realizado o Teste Qui Quadrado, adotando 5% como critério de siginificância estatística para o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. A idade média de 28,5 anos, 85,3% sexo masculino e 14,7% sexo feminino. A etnia 86,8% brancos e 13,2% não-brancos. A intubação orotraqueal foi o fator causal mais importante decorrente na maioria das vezes do traumatismo crânio-encefálico. O tempo de intubação médio foi de 14,8 dias. Os doentes estavam traqueostomizados em 62,7% dos casos. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram cornagem e dispnéia progressiva em 87,3% dos doentes. Não apresentaram diferença estatística na análise: localização da estenose, cirurgia realizada. Não mostraram diferença estatística, mas forte tendência para maior falência nos doentes com traqueostomia prévia, quando são utilizados fios inabsorvíveis, quando a anastomose é progressivamente mais alta (tireotraqueal pior que cricotraqueal pior que traqueotraqueal). A ventilação empregada mostrou forte tendência de resultados semelhantes quando comparados a ventilação controlada com a jato ventilação. Na análise de extensão de ressecção não houve diferença significativa, no entanto quando se subtrai os extremos de ressecção com poucos doentes, observamos que ressecções entre 3,5cm e 4,0cm apresentam piores resultados comparados com aquelas ressecções entre 1,5cm e <3,5cm. A taxa de complicações não foi diferente entre a fase I e fase II, no entanto a falência do método foi maior na fase IAbstract: The trachea surgery presents some peculiarities that becomes it extremely attractive to the thoracic surgeon. The objective of this search is to show and evaluate the results of 68 operated patients by laryngotracheal and tracheal stenosis at the Thoracic Surgery Division at Campinas State University (Unicamp), during the period of November'1979 to August'2001. It was analyzed the results and its association to: the presence of a previous tracheotomy, with an anatomic localization of the lesion; the ventilation technique used; kind of performed surgery; extension of the resection; surgical threads used in the anastomosis and level that anastomosis was performed. It was also evaluated the acquired experience, comparing with the two phases of our casuistry divided into two groups, on September 1996, of 34 patients to compare results as well complications. In order to test the association among the varieties, it was performed the Chi Squared test, adopting 5% as criterion of relevant statistics to the Pearson coefficient correlation. Out of the average age of 28,5, 85,3% is male and 14,7% female and ethnically 86,8% relating to whites and 13,2% non whites. The orotracheal intubation was the most important causal factor resulting from, in most of the cases, cranium-encephalic traumatism. The intubation average time was 14,8 days. The patients were in tracheotomy condition in 62,7% of the cases. The more frequent symptoms were stridor and progressive dyspnea in 87,3% of the cases. There was no statistics difference in the following analysis: stenosis localization and the surgery itself. There was no statistics difference, but a strong tendency to failure of the patients with previous tracheotomy, when it was not used no absorbable threads and when the anastomosis is progressively higher (thyreotracheal worse than cricotracheal worse than tracheotracheal). The ventilation used showed a stronger tendency to similar results when compared with controlled ventilation with ventilation jet. In the analysis of extension of resection there was no significant difference, although when it is diminished the resection extremes in few patients, it was observed that the resections between 3,5cm and 4,0cm showed worse results, compared to those resections between 1,5cm and <3,5cm. The complication level was not different between phase I and phase II, but the method failure was higher in phase IMestradoCirurgiaMestre em Cirurgi

[negative-pressure Pulmonary Edema And Hemorrhage Associated With Upper Airway Obstruction].

Negative-pressure pulmonary edema accompanied by hemorrhage as a manifestation of upper airway obstruction is an uncommon problem that is potentially life-threatening. The principal pathophysiological mechanism involved is the generation of markedly negative intrathoracic pressure, which leads to an increase in pulmonary vascular volume and pulmonary capillary transmural pressure, creating a risk of disruption of the alveolar-capillary membrane. We report the case of an adult male with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage following acute upper airway obstruction caused by the formation of a cervical and mediastinal abscess resulting from the insertion of a metallic tracheal stent. The patient was treated through drainage of the abscess, antibiotic therapy, and positive pressure mechanical ventilation. This article emphasizes the importance of including this entity in the differential diagnosis of acute lung injury after procedures involving upper airway instrumentation.34420-