Polimorfismo de citoquinas relacionadas ao processo inflamatório periodontal

The aim of this study was to make a review of literature about polymorphism in cytokine associated with the periodontal inflammatory process and how this genetic factor may be associated with development of periodontal destructive disease. Studies about some citokines include: tumor necrosis factor - alpha (TNF-α ), interleukin -1 - alpha (IL-1α ), beta (IL- 1β ) ou IL-1 antagonist receptor (IL-1RA), IL-2, IL-4 ,IL- 6, IL-10, IL-16 e IL-18. This review make possible conclusions that: 1- in some citokines like: IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, the results have variation in relationship of polymorphic gene and periodontitis development; 2- some polymorphic genes, as IL-16 e IL-18 do not have relation with periodontitis; 3- there is a relevant emphasis of the relationship with ethnic and racial groups; 4- the genotype for IL-1B is associated with the risk for severe periodontitis on diabetic population, but the results are conflicted when smoking is considered.O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma revisão da literatura a respeito do polimorfismo em citoquinas relacionadas ao processo inflamatório periodontal e de como esse fator genético poderia estar ligado ao desencadeamento da doença destrutiva do periodonto. Foram levados em consideração estudos sobre determinadas citoquinas, como: fator de necrose tumoral- alfa (TNFα), interleucina -1-alfa (IL-1α ), IL-1 beta (IL-1β) ou IL-1 receptor antagonista (IL-1RA), IL-2, IL-4 ,IL- 6, IL-10, IL-16 e IL-18. A revisão da literatura possibilitou concluirmos que: (1) em algumas citoquinas, como IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, há variação nos resultados em relação à presença do gene polimórfico e o desenvolvimento da periodontite; (2) alguns genes polimórficos, como os da IL-16 e IL-18, não apresentam relação com a periodontite; (3) existe um enfoque relevante em relação aos grupos étnicos e raciais; (4) o genótipo para IL-1B está associado ao risco para periodontite severa, na população diabética, mas os resultados são contraditórios quando o consumo de cigarros é estudado

Associação entre a doença periodontal e o lúpus eritematoso sistêmico

Periodontitis is a chronic and destructive condition in which the tooth supporting tissues are broken down mainly by the host's immune inflammatory response. The response of the host is important because this determines the degree of destruction. The systemic lupus erythematosus is autoimmune disease, the main feature of which is the immune response against a large number of autoantigens. The aim of this study is to make a review of literature about systemic lupus erythematosus and try to find some association between this disease and periodontal disease.A periodontite é uma inflamação crônica e destrutiva, que leva à perda dos tecidos de sustentação dos dentes e, eventualmente, a perda dentária e edentulismo. Essa destruição é, provavelmente, mediada por uma resposta alterada do hospedeiro, tornando-o suscetível ao desafio bacteriano. A resposta do hospedeiro à infecção é importante, pois determina a extensão e severidade da periodontite. O lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é uma doença auto-imune crônica, generalizada, caracterizada por respostas imunes dirigidas contra um grande número de auto-antígenos. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão da literatura sobre lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) e também sobre uma possível relação com as doenças periodontais

Laser de baixa intensidade na cicatrização periodontal

The aim of this study was to analyse the results and the methodology of the studies about the potential effects of low energy laser (LEL) irradiation on the healing of the periodontal tissue, using databases of MEDLINE between 1992 to 2007. Basically, 2 types of low energy laser are utilized: Helium Neon (HeNe), with wavelength of 633nm and diodo lasers like Gallium-Aluminium-Arsenide (AsGaAl), Gallium-Arsenide(AsGa) and Indium- Gallium- Aluminium-Phosphide (InGaAlP) whose wavelength range between 635-950 nm. A total of 59 studies were observed and whitin these, 9 were selected and show that LEL is associated with healing, because of its potencial to reduce the local levels of prostaglandin; to increase the levels of beta endorphin; to estimulate the production of cellular ATP and the discharge of growth factors; as well as the cellular proliferation and collagen synthesis; and the decrease of bleeding of probing . These findings suggest that, the LEL seems to benefit the process of tissue healing. However, the analysis of the studies and a sugestion to use LEL are dificult because of the diversity of methodology, such as differences between wavelength, dosimetry, and the type and the design of the studies.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os resultados e a metodologia de trabalhos sobre os potenciais efeitos da irradiação por lasers de baixa intensidade (LBI) na cicatrização dos tecidos periodontais, tendo como base o banco de dados MEDLINE, de 1992 a 2007. Basicamente, dois tipos de lasers de baixa potência são utilizados: hélio - neônio(HeNe), com comprimento de onda de 633nm e lasers diodo, como o Arseniato de gálio e alumínio (AsGaAl), Arseniato de gálio(AsGa) e o fosfato de arsênio índio gálio (InGaAlP), cujos comprimentos de onda variam entre 635-950 nm. Um total de 59 estudos foi observado e, desses, nove foram selecionados e mostram que os LBI são associados à cicatrização, pelo seu potencial em reduzir os níveis locais de prostaglandinas, aumentar os níveis de beta endorfinas, estimular a produção de ATP celular e a liberação de fatores de crescimento, bem como propiciar a proliferação celular e a síntese de colágeno, e a diminuição do sangramento à sondagem. Concluindo, o LBI parece apresentar benefícios para o processo de cicatrização tecidual. No entanto, a análise dos estudos e a sugestão de um protocolo para a utilização dos LBI são dificultadas pela diversidade da metodologia empregada, como, por exemplo, diferenças nos comprimentos de onda, dosimetrias, tipos de estudo e desenhos experimentais

The global oscillation network group site survey. II. Results

The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Project will place a network of instruments around the world to observe solar oscillations as continuously as possible for three years. The Project has now chosen the six network sites based on analysis of survey data from fifteen sites around the world. The chosen sites are: Big Bear Solar Observatory, California; Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, Hawaii; Learmonth Solar Observatory, Australia; Udaipur Solar Observatory, India; Observatorio del Teide, Tenerife; and Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory, Chile. Total solar intensity at each site yields information on local cloud cover, extinction coefficient, and transparency fluctuations. In addition, the performance of 192 reasonable components analysis. An accompanying paper describes the analysis methods in detail; here we present the results of both the network and individual site analyses. The selected network has a duty cycle of 93.3%, in good agreement with numerical simulations. The power spectrum of the network observing window shows a first diurnal sidelobe height of 3 × 10⁻⁴ with respect to the central component, an improvement of a factor of 1300 over a single site. The background level of the network spectrum is lower by a factor of 50 compared to a single-site spectrum

Índice elevado de CPOD em pacientes com doença inflamatória intestinal

The aim of this study was to appraise the presence of decayed, filled, missed teeth (DFMT) and the oral conditions about the oral mucosa in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and compare them with healthy patients. Ninety nine patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), eighty with Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and seventy four control patients (C) were examinated. The intra-oral examination registered the DMFT index, the plaque index and the oral soft tissue lesions. The average age, in years, was 38,99 (± 12,90); 43,33 (± 13,21) and 40,28 (± 12,87) for CD, UC and C, respectively. A high prevalence of DMFT was showed in DC (p= 0.016) and UC ( < 0,0001) groups compared to C group. The mean percentage of plaque was smaller in CD group 44,04 (DP± 30,49) than in C group 54,10 (DP ±26,4), p= 0,017; but there weren´t differences at percentage of plaque between UC and C groups. In relation to the total oral lesions, there was significant difference in CD (p= 0.041) and UC (p= < 0.0001) towards C group, being pyostomatitis vegetans the significant difference lesion between the groups. It was concluded that when the inflammatory bowel disease (DC and UC) are considered separately, a high DMFT index is observed in relation to control group; and patients with intestinal involvement show more oral lesions than the control groups patients, thus when the lesions are observed separated, the pyostomatitis vegetans is the only one that shows significant prevalence in those groups.O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a presença de lesões cariosas, restauradas, elementos perdidos por cárie (CPOD) e a condição da mucosa oral em pacientes com Doença Inflamatória Intestinal e compará-los com pacientes saudáveis sistemicamente. Foram examinados 99 pacientes com Doença de Crohn (DC), 80 com Colite Ulcerativa (UC) e 74 controles (C). No exame clínico, foram registrados o índice CPOD, o índice de placa e a presença de lesões no tecido mole oral. A idade média, em anos, foi de 38,99 (DP± 12,90); 43,33 (DP ± 13,21) e 40,28 (DP ± 12,87) para os grupos DC, UC e C, respectivamente. Houve aumento significante na prevalência do índice de CPOD no grupo DC (p = 0,016) e UC ( < 0,0001), quando comparado ao C. A porcentagem de placa foi menor no grupo DC 44,04 (DP± 30,49) que no C 54,10 (DP ±26,4), p= 0,017, mas não houve diferença entre UC e C. Com relação ao número total de lesões orais, foi observada diferença significante entre os grupos DC (p= 0.041) e UC (p= < 0.0001) e o grupo C, sendo a pioestomatite a lesão significantemente diferente entre esses grupos. Assim, conclui-se que, quando as doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DC e UC) são avaliadas separadamente, elevado índice de CPOD foi observado em relação ao grupo de controle; e pacientes com comprometimento intestinal apresentam mais lesões bucais que os pacientes do grupo de controle, sendo que, quando as lesões são observadas separadamente, a pioestomatite vegetante é a única que se mostra significantemente prevalente naqueles grupos

Constraints on the χ_(c1) versus χ_(c2) polarizations in proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV

The polarizations of promptly produced χ_(c1) and χ_(c2) mesons are studied using data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in proton-proton collisions at √s=8  TeV. The χ_c states are reconstructed via their radiative decays χ_c → J/ψγ, with the photons being measured through conversions to e⁺e⁻, which allows the two states to be well resolved. The polarizations are measured in the helicity frame, through the analysis of the χ_(c2) to χ_(c1) yield ratio as a function of the polar or azimuthal angle of the positive muon emitted in the J/ψ → μ⁺μ⁻ decay, in three bins of J/ψ transverse momentum. While no differences are seen between the two states in terms of azimuthal decay angle distributions, they are observed to have significantly different polar anisotropies. The measurement favors a scenario where at least one of the two states is strongly polarized along the helicity quantization axis, in agreement with nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics predictions. This is the first measurement of significantly polarized quarkonia produced at high transverse momentum

Mast Cell Survival and Mediator Secretion in Response to Hypoxia

Tissue hypoxia is a consequence of decreased oxygen levels in different inflammatory conditions, many associated with mast cell activation. However, the effect of hypoxia on mast cell functions is not well established. Here, we have investigated the effect of hypoxia per se on human mast cell survival, mediator secretion, and reactivity. Human cord blood derived mast cells were subjected to three different culturing conditions: culture and stimulation in normoxia (21% O2); culture and stimulation in hypoxia (1% O2); or 24 hour culture in hypoxia followed by stimulation in normoxia. Hypoxia, per se, did not induce mast cell degranulation, but we observed an increased secretion of IL-6, where autocrine produced IL-6 promoted mast cell survival. Hypoxia did not have any effect on A23187 induced degranulation or secretion of cytokines. In contrast, cytokine secretion after LPS or CD30 treatment was attenuated, but not inhibited, in hypoxia compared to normoxia. Our data suggests that mast cell survival, degranulation and cytokine release are sustained under hypoxia. This may be of importance for host defence where mast cells in a hypoxic tissue can react to intruders, but also in chronic inflammations where mast cell reactivity is not inhibited by the inflammatory associated hypoxia

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

SummaryBackground The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors—the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6–58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8–42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

The global oscillation network group site survey. II. Results

The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Project will place a network of instruments around the world to observe solar oscillations as continuously as possible for three years. The Project has now chosen the six network sites based on analysis of survey data from fifteen sites around the world. The chosen sites are: Big Bear Solar Observatory, California; Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, Hawaii; Learmonth Solar Observatory, Australia; Udaipur Solar Observatory, India; Observatorio del Teide, Tenerife; and Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory, Chile. Total solar intensity at each site yields information on local cloud cover, extinction coefficient, and transparency fluctuations. In addition, the performance of 192 reasonable components analysis. An accompanying paper describes the analysis methods in detail; here we present the results of both the network and individual site analyses. The selected network has a duty cycle of 93.3%, in good agreement with numerical simulations. The power spectrum of the network observing window shows a first diurnal sidelobe height of 3 × 10⁻⁴ with respect to the central component, an improvement of a factor of 1300 over a single site. The background level of the network spectrum is lower by a factor of 50 compared to a single-site spectrum