Assessment of post-competition peak blood lactate in male and female master swimmers aged 40–79 years and its relationship with swimming performance

The main purpose of this study was to measure the postcompetition blood lactate concentration ([La]b) in master swimmers of both sexes aged between 40 and 79 years in order to relate it to age and swimming performance. One hundred and eight swimmers participating in the World Master Championships were assessed for [La]b and the average rate of lactate accumulation (La’;mmol l-1 s-1) was calculated. In addition, 77 of them were also tested for anthropometric measures. When the subjects were divided into 10-year age groups, males exhibited higher [La]b than women (factorial ANOVA, P < 0.01) and a steeper decline with ageing than female subjects. Overall, mean values (SD) of [La]b were 10.8 (2.8), 10.3 (2.0), 10.3 (1.9), 8.9 (3.2) mmol l-1 in women, and 14.2 (2.5), 12.4 (2.5), 11.0 (1.6), 8.2 (2.0) mmol l-1 in men for, respectively, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79 years’ age groups. When, however, [La]b values were normalised for a ‘‘speed index’’, which takes into account swimming speed as a percentage of world record, these sex-related differences, although still present, were considerably attenuated. Furthermore, the differences in La’ between males and females were larger in the 40–49 age group (0.34 vs 0.20 mmol l-1 s-1 for 50-m distance) than in the 70–79 age group (0.12 vs 0.14 mmol l-1 s-1 for 50-m distance). Different physiological factors, supported by the considered anthropometric measurements, are suggested to explain the results

Direitos das pessoas com transtorno mental autoras de delitos The rights of criminally insane individuals

O Movimento pela Reforma Psiquiátrica tem subsidiado propostas de reorientação do modelo assistencial hegemônico em saúde mental. Para a assistência às pessoas com transtorno mental autoras de delitos instituiu-se o manicômio judiciário, atualmente denominado Hospital de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico (HCTP). A manutenção dessa estrutura, reconhecida como instituição total, tem reforçado a exclusão individual, limitando a reinserção social dos internos. Este artigo discute o direito à saúde nos HCTP na perspectiva dos direitos humanos. Os avanços conferidos pela Política Nacional de Saúde Mental não têm contemplado a reorientação da prática assistencial desenvolvida no âmbito do HCTP. Essa instituição tem preservado o seu caráter asilar/segregacionista, evidenciando uma tradição fundada na negação dos direitos humanos. O avanço normativo não consolida, de per si, a materialização das recentes conquistas advindas a partir da Reforma Psiquiátrica, particularmente quanto ao segmento das pessoas com transtorno mental autoras de delitos. O Estado, em co-responsabilidade com a sociedade, deve promover a efetiva reorientação do modelo de atenção à saúde dessas pessoas, cuja responsabilidade penal deverá ser reconhecida ao tempo em que se propicie o tratamento especializado. O respeito aos direitos humanos não implica a inimputabilidade.<br>The Psychiatric Reform Movement has supported proposals to reorient the hegemonic mental health care model. In Brazil, a facility for the criminally insane was created, called the Custody and Psychiatric Treatment Hospital (CPTH). The maintenance of such a structure, known as total institutionalization, has reinforced individual exclusion, limiting the patients' social rehabilitation. This article discusses the right to health in the CPTH from a human rights perspective. The advances achieved in Brazil under the National Mental Health Policy have failed to include reorientation of the care provided in such facilities for the criminally insane. The institution has remained an isolationist asylum, reflecting a historical denial of human rights. Progress in policy, per se, does not guarantee the materialization of recent strides gained through the Psychiatric Reform, particularly in relation to criminals with mental disorders. The state, through shared responsibility with society, should promote the effective reorientation of the health care model for these individuals, whose criminal responsibility should be acknowledged, while providing simultaneously for specialized care. Respect for human rights is not synonymous with impunity