Avaliação das interações entre a suplementação antioxidante com o óleo de pequi (caryocar brasiliense camb.) e os polimorfismos nos genes da α-actinina-3 (ACTN-3), eritropoetina (EPO) e seu receptor (EPOR) nos resultados do hemograma, marcadores bioquímicos e peroxidação lipídica, em corredores de rua

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, 2013.O exercício físico, por aumentar o consumo de oxigênio, pode produzir um desequilíbrio entre a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e a capacidade de defesa antioxidante do organismo, levando ao estresse oxidativo. Esta sobrecarga oxidativa pode acarretar dano celular e graves lesões musculares com consequente processo inflamatório. Neste contexto, muitos atletas consomem suplementos antioxidantes para evitar os danos oxidativos, a inflamação e o consequente comprometimento do desempenho. O pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.), um fruto típico do cerrado brasileiro, contém diversos componentes antioxidantes, importantes para reduzir ERO produzidas durante a atividade física. Visto que nutrientes presentes na alimentação podem interagir com o genoma humano para influenciar a saúde e a doença, e variabilidade genética também pode influenciar a resposta à dieta, estudos que avaliem esta interação podem contribuir para futuras intervenções dietéticas baseadas no conhecimento do requerimento nutricional, do estado nutricional e do genótipo. Alguns polimorfismos já foram descritos na literatura como agentes interferentes do desempenho atlético em determinadas categorias de esportes. Entre eles, várias variantes sob a forma de polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) já foram identificadas, incluindo os SNPs R577X no gene da α-actinina-3 (ACTN-3), T→ G na região promotora do gene da eritropoetina (EPO) e G6002A no receptor de eritropoetina (EPOR). O gene da ACTN-3 codifica a proteína α-actinina-3, componente altamente conservado da maquinaria contrátil das fibras rápidas da musculatura esquelética, e é expresso apenas em miofibras tipo II, que são fibras glicolíticas do músculo esquelético. O polimorfismo da ACTN-3 resulta na substituição de uma arginina (R) por um códon prematuro de parada (X) na posição 577 e cria uma proteína não funcional. A eritropoetina (EPO) é o principal hormônio endógeno regulador da eritropoiese, que permite a sobrevivência, proliferação, diferenciação das células progenitoras e, consequentemente, aumento da oxigenação dos tecidos. Assim, polimorfismos no gene da EPO ou de seu receptor (EPOR) podem afetar o desempenho atlético, por influenciarem a expressão de EPO. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a influência dos SNPs rs1815739 no gene da ACTN-3, rs1617640 na região promotora do gene da EPO, e rs121918116 no gene da EPOR na peroxidação lipídica (Teste Tbars), hemograma completo e dosagens bioquímicas de creatina quinase (CK), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e proteína Creativa (PCR e PCR-us), em uma amostra de corredores de rua do Distrito Federal (N=123), antes e depois da suplementação com 400mg de óleo de pequi em cápsulas ingeridas diariamente por 14 dias consecutivos. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas imediatamente após cada uma das corridas para realizar os testes. O DNA foi obtido por extração da fração leucocitária, e a genotipagem foi realizada por PCR seguida por corte com enzimas de restrição. Os dados estatísticos para as frequências alélicas e genotípicas foram gerados pelo programa Genepopweb®, e os demais dados pelo programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Os resultados demonstraram que todos os genótipos estudados encontraram-se em equilíbrio de Hardy- Weinberg (EHW). Apesar dos muitos parâmetros analisados apresentarem diferença significativa entre os sexos, faixas etárias e distâncias percorridas, nenhuma correlação entre esses parâmetros e os polimorfismos analisados foi encontrada. O polimorfismo da EPO influenciou os resultados do eritrograma e do plaquetograma, sugerindo uma vantagem aeróbica para o genótipo TG, e uma desvantagem para o genótipo GG sobre possíveis eventos de complicações microvasculares, enquanto não foi encontrada associação do polimorfismo da ACTN-3 com o desempenho de resistência. Ambos os polimorfismos influenciaram as respostas dos corredores ao óleo de pequi, onde respostas significativas foram observadas para o genótipo selvagem da EPO (TT) nos valores de eritrócitos (p=0,000), hematócrito (HCT, p=0,001), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM, p=0,000) e concentração hemoglobínica corpuscular média (CHCM, p=0,001); e para os genótipos TT e TG (p=0,000 para ambos) nos valores da amplitude ou variação da distribuição do tamanho dos eritrócitos (RDW). Diferenças significativas também foram observadas no plaquetograma só para os genótipos TT e TG. O polimorfismo da ACTN-3 influenciou principalmente os valores de AST e CK, onde os heterozigotos RX tiveram uma redução significativa nos valores de AST (p=0,037), e os homozigotos XX, nos valores de CK (p=0,010) após a suplementação o óleo de pequi. Esses resultados de resposta diferenciada de cada polimorfismo à suplementação com cápsulas de pequi demonstram a importância dos efeitos da nutrigenômica no desempenho do atleta. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTPhysical exercise, by increasing oxygen consumption, can produce an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense capacity of the organism, leading to oxidative stress. This oxidative overload can cause cell damage and severe muscle damage with consequent inflammation. In this context, many athletes consume antioxidant supplements to prevent oxidative damage, inflammation and consequent impairment of performance. Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.), a typical fruit of the Brazilian Cerrado, contains several antioxidant components that are important to reduce ROS produced during physical activity. Since nutrients present in food can interact with the human genome to influence health and disease, and genetic variability may also influence the response to diet, studies evaluating this interaction may contribute to future dietary interventions based on knowledge of nutritional requirement, nutritional status and genotype. Some polymorphisms have been described in the literature as agents interfering in athletic performance in certain categories of sports. Among them, several variants in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified, including the SNPs R577X in the α-actinin-3 gene (ACTN-3), T→G in the promoter region of the erythropoietin (EPO) gene, and G6002A in the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR). The ACTN-3 gene encodes protein α-actinin-3, a highly conserved component of the contractile machinery of the fast skeletal muscle fibers, and is expressed only in type II myofibers, which are glycolytic fibers of skeletal muscle. The ACTN-3 polymorphism results in substitution of an arginine (R) by a premature stop codon (X) at position 577 and creates a non-functional protein. Erythropoietin (EPO) is the main endogenous hormone regulator of erythropoiesis, which allows the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of progenitor cells and, hence, increased oxygenation of the tissues. Thus, polymorphisms in the EPO gene or in its receptor can affect athletic performance by influencing the expression of EPO. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the SNPs rs1815739 in the ACTN-3 gene, rs1617640 in the promoter region of the EPO gene, and rs121918116 EPOR gene in the lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay), taking a complete hemogram and biochemical dosages of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and C-reactive protein (CRP and hs-CRP), in a sample of street runners from the Federal District (N=123), before and after supplementation of 400mg of pequi oil capsules taken daily for 14 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken immediately after racing to perform the tests. DNA was obtained by extraction of leukocyte fraction, and genotyping was performed by PCR followed by cut with restriction enzymes. Statistical data for the allele and genotype frequencies were generated by the program Genepopweb®, and other data by the program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results showed that all genotypes were found in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE). Although many examined parameters showed significant differences between sexes, age group and distance covered, no correlation between these parameters and the analyzed polymorphisms was found. EPO polymorphism influenced results of erythrogram and plateletgram, suggesting an aerobic advantage for TG genotype and a disadvantage for GG genotype concerning possible microvascular complication events, while no association was found for ACTN-3 polymorphism with endurance performance. Both polymorphisms influenced runner’s response to pequi oil, where the significant responses were observed for EPO wild type genotype (TT) in the red blood cells, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration values; and for TT and TG genotypes in the red cell distribution width values. Significant differences were also observed in the plateletgram only for TT and TG genotypes. ACTN-3 mainly influenced AST and CK values, where heterozygous RX had significant decrease in AST values (p=0.037), and homozygous XX in CK values (p=0.010) after pequi oil supplementation. These results of differential response of each polymorphism to the supplementation with pequi capsules demonstrate the importance of the effects of nutrigenomics on athletic performance

Association between interleukin 6 -174 G/C promoter gene polymorphism and runners' responses to the dietary ingestion of antioxidant supplementation based on pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) oil : a before-after study

Exercise is a double-edged sword: when practiced in moderation, it increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes, but when practiced strenuously it causes oxidative stress and cell damage. In this context, polymorphisms in the interleukin (IL)-6 gene should be investigated better because they can influence performance, at least in exercise that generates oxidative stress and leads to muscular injuries with consequent inflammation. In this work, we investigated the influence of IL-6 –174 G/C polymorphism on tissue damage and inflammation markers, lipid peroxidation, hemogram and lipid profile of runners before and after ingestion of 400 mg of pequi oil in capsules supplied daily for 14 consecutive days. The IL-6 genotypes were associated with significant differences in lipid peroxidation, with the CC mutant having lower values. There were also significant differences among these genotypes in the response to supplementation with pequi oil, exercise-induced damage and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The best protection against damage was observed with the heterozygous genotype. Although the CC genotype showed an increase in CRP levels after supplementation, the lack of a positive correlation between triglycerides and high-sensitivity CRP in this mutant genotype after supplementation indicated a protective effect of pequi. These findings deserve further investigation, particularly with regard to the quantification of circulating IL-6 concentrations

Association between interleukin 6 -174 G/C promoter gene polymorphism and runners' responses to the dietary ingestion of antioxidant supplementation based on pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) oil: a before-after study

Abstract Exercise is a double-edged sword: when practiced in moderation, it increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes, but when practiced strenuously it causes oxidative stress and cell damage. In this context, polymorphisms in the interleukin (IL)-6 gene should be investigated better because they can influence performance, at least in exercise that generates oxidative stress and leads to muscular injuries with consequent inflammation. In this work, we investigated the influence of IL-6 –174 G/C polymorphism on tissue damage and inflammation markers, lipid peroxidation, hemogram and lipid profile of runners before and after ingestion of 400 mg of pequi oil in capsules supplied daily for 14 consecutive days. The IL-6 genotypes were associated with significant differences in lipid peroxidation, with the CC mutant having lower values. There were also significant differences among these genotypes in the response to supplementation with pequi oil, exercise-induced damage and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The best protection against damage was observed with the heterozygous genotype. Although the CC genotype showed an increase in CRP levels after supplementation, the lack of a positive correlation between triglycerides and high-sensitivity CRP in this mutant genotype after supplementation indicated a protective effect of pequi. These findings deserve further investigation, particularly with regard to the quantification of circulating IL-6 concentrations

Association between interleukin 6 -174 G/C promoter gene polymorphism and runners' responses to the dietary ingestion of antioxidant supplementation based on pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) oil: a before-after study

Abstract Exercise is a double-edged sword: when practiced in moderation, it increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes, but when practiced strenuously it causes oxidative stress and cell damage. In this context, polymorphisms in the interleukin (IL)-6 gene should be investigated better because they can influence performance, at least in exercise that generates oxidative stress and leads to muscular injuries with consequent inflammation. In this work, we investigated the influence of IL-6 –174 G/C polymorphism on tissue damage and inflammation markers, lipid peroxidation, hemogram and lipid profile of runners before and after ingestion of 400 mg of pequi oil in capsules supplied daily for 14 consecutive days. The IL-6 genotypes were associated with significant differences in lipid peroxidation, with the CC mutant having lower values. There were also significant differences among these genotypes in the response to supplementation with pequi oil, exercise-induced damage and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The best protection against damage was observed with the heterozygous genotype. Although the CC genotype showed an increase in CRP levels after supplementation, the lack of a positive correlation between triglycerides and high-sensitivity CRP in this mutant genotype after supplementation indicated a protective effect of pequi. These findings deserve further investigation, particularly with regard to the quantification of circulating IL-6 concentrations

Total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and antioxidant activity of lima beans conserved in a Brazilian Genebank

The objective of this study was to characterize for the first time polyphenols and DPPH (2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical) antioxidant activity in commonly cultivated accessions of Phaseolus lunatus from an ex situ germplasm collection maintained by Embrapa, in Brazil. Furthermore, the study aimed to detect changes in total polyphenols, total flavonoids and condensed tannin for the same accessions after regeneration in a greenhouse. The results showed the diversity of the lima bean collection for phenolic compounds, which were strongly correlated with antioxidant activity. Lima beans accessions with the highest polyphenols and antioxidant activity were those with colored seeds. Conservation through cold storage of P. lunatus seeds in a cold chamber in the germplasm collection did not necessarily affect phenolic compounds. Variations observed in values after regeneration seeds may be mainly results of biotic and abiotic factors, including not only cultivar, but also environmental conditions. This study suggests that polyphenols in the lima beans present antioxidant activity, with possible beneficial effects for human health. It was expected that the potential of this tasty legume can be also used as a functional food crop and/or as a new ingredient in gastronomy