Adults density of Grapholita molesta in cages : Mendoza (Argentina)

Grapholita molesta es una importante plaga que afecta brotes y frutos del duraznero en Mendoza, Argentina. Algunos autores han citado que Carpocapsa pomonella requiere, en condiciones artificiales, una densidad poblacional de 100 adultos para alcanzar una alta fecundidad y que esta situación se puede extender a la especie en estudio. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar distintas densidades poblacionales de la especie mediante la fecundidad, viabilidad y longevidad. La especie se crió en una cámara con condiciones abióticas controladas. El diseño fue en bloques al azar para eliminar la influencia de la luz y el desarrollo generacional. Se realizaron cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados se procesaron mediante el programa Statistica. El análisis de los resultados entre bloques y tratamientos no tuvo diferencias significativas por lo que no hubo variación en la incidencia de la luz y el desarrollo generacional. La viabilidad tuvo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos mientras que la fecundidad y la longevidad no las presentaron. La densidad poblacional influyó positivamente sobre la viabilidad cuando la cantidad de parejas fue la menor y disminuyó al incrementarse la proporción de las mismas. Es decir, el hacinamiento de los individuos afectó la viabilidad de Grapholita molesta pero no la fecundidad ni la longevidad.Grapholita molesta is an important pest that affects buds and fruits of peach tree in Mendoza, Argentina. Some authors have mentioned that Carpocapsa pomonella requires, in artificial conditions, a population density of 100 adults to reach high fecundity and this situation can be extended to Grapholita molesta. This work was done in order to evaluate different population densities of Grapholita molesta by mean of fecundity, viability and longevity. Rearing was made in a chamber with controlled abiotic conditions. Experimental design was blocks at random to eliminate light and generational development influence. It was made 4 replications. Results were processed by mean of Statistica software. Analysis of results between blocks and treatments did not have significant differences reason why there was no variation in the incidence of light and generational development. Viability had significant differences among treatments. Fecundity and longevity did not present significant differences. Population density influenced positively on viability when couple amount was the least, and it decreased when proportion of the same ones was increased. That is to say, individual stacking affected Grapholita molesta viability but it did not affect fecundity nor longevity.Fil: Ribbert, Diego Alfredo. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ciencias BiológicasFil: Marín, María Susana. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ciencias Biológica

Datenschutz als Rahmen für das Customer Relationship Management: Einfluss des geltenden Rechts auf die Spezifikation von Führungsinformationssystemen

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die momentan geltenden nationalen Bestimmungen des Datenschutzes zu untersuchen und Ihre Auswirkungen auf den Bereich des CRM zu beleuchten. Dazu wird im nächsten Abschnitt zunächst das Konzept CRM erläutert. In Abschnitt 3 werden rechtliche Bestimmungen im Umgang mit personenbezogenen Daten diskutiert. Abschnitt 4 beschreibt, wie Kundendaten innerhalb des CRM unter Beachtung geltenden Datenschutzrechts verarbeitet werden können. Abschließend behandelt Abschnitt 5 die Spezifikation von analytischen Anwendungssystemen, die für Zwecke des CRM eingesetzt werden können und beschreibt, welche Implikationen geltendes Datenschutzrecht auf solche Spezifikationen hat

The fetal profile line:a proposal for a sonographic reference line to classify forehead and mandible anomalies in the second and third trimester

Objectives To test the fetal profile (FP) line, defined as the line that passes through the anterior border of the mandible and the nasion, as a reference line for forehead and mandible anomalies. Methods Volumes of 248 normal and 24 pathological fetuses (1636 and 1937?weeks gestation, respectively) were analysed retrospectively. When the FP line passes anteriorly, across or posteriorly to the frontal bone, this was defined as negative, zero or positive, respectively. When the FP line was positive the distance (F distance) between the FP line and the frontal bone was measured. Results No cases with a negative FP line were found in the normal fetuses. Before 27?weeks gestation the FP line was always zero except in one case. After 27?weeks gestation the FP line was positive in up to 25% (F distance (mean, range): 2.8, 2.13.6?mm). The FP line correctly identified 13 cases with retrognathia, 5 cases with frontal bossing and 3 cases with a sloping forehead. Conclusion Although large prospective studies are needed, the FP line may be a useful tool to detect second trimester profile anomalies such as retrognathia, sloping forehead and frontal bossing with the possibility of quantifying the latter. (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Herstellung und Charakterisierung von rekombinanten, ETA-basierten CD64-Immuntoxinen zur Bekämpfung von dysregulierten Makrophagen bei chronischen Hautentzündungen

Dysregulated, activated macrophages play a decisive role in different chronically inflammatory cutaneous diseases. The fact that a selective elimination of the high CD64 expressing macrophages, through CD64 immunotoxin (full length antibody with a toxin), results in a resolution of chronic inflammations, confirms this. The immunotoxins of the first generation cannot be produced (however) in homogeneous quality and their biological and physicochemical characteristics cannot be optimized adequately. The goal of this dissertation work therefore was to produce recombinant ETA´-based single-chain-fragments against the target molecule CD64 and to evaluate them as a possible therapy form in chronic (cutaneous)-inflammations. Both the monovalent H22(scFv)-ETA´ and the bivalent H22(scFv)2-ETA´ immunotoxin should be produced in E. coli, purified and characterized for their biological characteristics both in-vitro and in an transgenic animal model. The focus of this work is the comparison of the monovalent with the bivalent immunotoxin in-vitro and in-vivo. The uptake of the bivalent immunotoxin by dysregulated macrophages should be superior to that of the monovalent due to its CD64 crosslinking capability and should result in an improved specific cytotoxicity. The immunotoxins were purified successfully out of the E. coli periplasm through the combination of different chromatographical procedures such as (Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography) IMAC, (Size Exclusion Chromatography) SEC and (Hydroxy-Apatite Chromatography) HAPC. The HAPC ideally removed not only bacterial endotoxins (equal to or less than 0.5 EU/ml), but also degradation products of both immunotoxins. Throughout this work fermentation, cleaning and storage protocols were successfully established, providing high quantities of highly pure immunotoxin for the analyses over a longer time period without activity loss. The immunotoxin quantities after purification were for H22(scFv)-ETA´ about 2 mg/L and for H22(scFv)2-ETA´ about 0.5 mg/L. The specific binding of the pure immunotoxins could be confirmed by means of flow cytometry and ELISA. The receptor mediated endocytosis led to a specific elimination of monocytic U937 target cells and could be visualized in-vitro by use of confocal microscopy. The determined IC50-value of the bivalent construct proved to be 10-times lower (14 pM) than the IC50-value of the monovalent immunotoxin (140 pM). In addition the designated specific elimination of the target cell via apoptosis induction could be verified for both immunotoxins in an AnnexinV Assay. To further consolidate the outstanding in-vitro toxicity data both immunotoxins were tested in an mouse model transgenic for hCD64. Both immunotoxins induced a drastic reduction of the local CD64 positive macrophage populations in chronically inflamed mouse skin. Again the bivalent immunotoxin appeared to be more effective: with H22(scFv)ETA´ the amount of the CD64 positive macrophages was reduced to 21% in contrast to H22(scFv)2ETA´ where the amount of the CD64 positive macrophages was drastically reduced to 4.8% (in comparison to the PBS injected control). The amount at surviving cells after immunotoxin application was significant (*p>0,001). Therewith the animal data are statistically unambiguous. In summary both recombinant immunotoxins have low IC50-values, rendering them well suited for a treatment of diseases with dysregulated, activated macrophages. These are the first data that clearly demonstrate that a bivalent immunotoxin exhibits a stronger cytotoxicity in comparison with the monovalent construct both in-vitro and in-vivo. It could be pointed out in this work that an increased effectiveness unambiguously correlates with an increased valency

Concpetual Design of WWW Based Information Systems

Today, companies and their information systems are facing a very dynamic and fast changing environment. Fast changing demands require varying information in varying places. Users must find relevant information in a fast and perspicuous way. Thus, information systems both have to be flexible and clearly structured to fulfill these requirements and be able to handle the increasing amount of information efficiently. WWW-based information systems provide flexibility as they separate content, layout and navigation. However, several conceptual shortcomings prevent the Web from being a more productive and efficient resource of information today. Several technical enhancements (e.g. the semantic web) have been made in order to solve these problems. However, a theoretically proved and easy to use modeling method for WWW-based information systems is still missing. Our modeling method allows modeling these information systems on a conceptual level by abstracting from technical details. By this, meaningful navigation structures can be achieved with great clarity. In this paper we will develop this method using a meta-model based approach