External validation of EORTC risk scores to predict recurrence after transurethral resection of brazilian patients with non -muscle invasive bladder cancer stages Ta and T1

Validate the EORTC risk tables in Brazilian patients with NMIBC. Methods: 205 patients were analyzed. The 6 parameters analyzed were: histologic grading, pathologic stage, size and number of tumors, previous recurrence rate and concomitant CIS. The time for first recurrence (TFR), risk score and probability of re\uadcurrence were calculated and compared to the probabilities obtained from EORTC risk tables. C-index was calculated and accuracy of EORTC tables was analyzed. Results: pTa was presented in 91 (44.4%) patients and pT1 in 114 (55.6%). Ninety-seven (47.3%) patients had solitary tumor, and 108 (52.7%) multiple tumors. One hundred and three (50.2%) patients had tumors smaller than 3 cm and 102 (40.8%) had bigger than 3 cm. Concomitant CIS was observed in 21 (10.2%) patients. Low grade was presented in 95 (46.3%) patients, and high grade in 110 (53.7%). Intravesical therapy was utilized in 105 (56.1%) patients. Recurrence was observed in 117 (57.1%) patients and the mean TFR was 14,2 \ub1 7,3 months. C-index was 0,72 for 1 year and 0,7 for 5 years. The recurrence risk was 28,8% in 1 year and 57,1% in 5 years, independently of the scoring risk. In our population, the EORTC risk tables overestimated the risk of recurrence in 1 year and underestimated in 5 years. Conclusion: The validation of the EORTC risk tables in Brazilian patients with NMIBC was satisfactory and should be stimulated to predict recurrence, although these may overestimated the risk of recurrence in 1 year and underestimated in 5 years

Deformation of polycrystalline TRIP stainless steel micropillars

The deformation mechanisms of the metastable austenite phase of a transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) stainless steel, AISI 301LN, have been investigated by compression of multicrystalline micropillars of different crystallographic orientations, with particular attention on the strain-induced phase transformation from austenite to martensite. Intergranular shearing and twinning were observed to be the primary deformation mechanisms, with a predominant orientation developed in the austenitic phase, combined with limited planar slip within single grains of austenite. The phase transformation from austenite to ¿ and ¿’-martensite was clearly observed adjacent to the sheared regions using TEM-EBSD techniques. The ¿-martensite phase was found to be preferentially located in the regions near the grain boundaries which experienced higher shear stresses during compression.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft