Understanding Clinical Depression through Somatic Symptoms among Depressive Adults: Gender and Education in Consideration

The most prevalent mental health disorder is depression, although it is not always presented in the same form. The type of depression that presents itself through somatic symptoms cannot be detected by mental health professionals, hence requires scrutiny before categorizing the clients as having a psychiatric issue. Therefore, the current study sought to examine these variables by employing the Somatic Symptom Scale (SSS-8) to evaluate the somatic symptoms and diagnosed clients of depression. The study was conducted with a sample of 150 depressed patients (Male=43%, Female= 57%) selected from the outdoor patient (Psychiatry) department of hospitals in Rawalpindi/Islamabad. The results of the study revealed that there was a positive correlation between the study variables. This research also assumed that patients with depression have high somatic symptoms and that the male participants will show more somatic symptoms than the female participants. Analysis of results confirmed that the mean number of somatic symptoms in men (M=20. 86) was significantly higher than that of women (M=18. 12) p> 0. undefined Furthermore, the findings also showed that the illiterate patients with depression were having more somatic symptoms M = 21. 72 than the literate patients M = 18. 20. The current study would be helpful for mental health professionals to comprehend the personality characteristics of patients regarding the treatment of depression. Also, they can develop better therapeutic approaches to address the somatic symptoms of clinical depression

Fractional Modeling of Viscous Fluid over a Moveable Inclined Plate Subject to Exponential Heating with Singular and Non-Singular Kernels

In this paper, a new approach to investigating the unsteady natural convection flow of viscous fluid over a moveable inclined plate with exponential heating is carried out. The mathematical modeling is based on fractional treatment of the governing equation subject to the temperature, velocity and concentration field. Innovative definitions of time fractional operators with singular and non-singular kernels have been working on the developed constitutive mass, energy and momentum equations. The fractionalized analytical solutions based on special functions are obtained by using Laplace transform method to tackle the non-dimensional partial differential equations for velocity, mass and energy. Our results propose that by increasing the value of the Schimdth number and Prandtl number the concentration and temperature profiles decreased, respectively. The presence of a Prandtl number increases the thermal conductivity and reflects the control of thickness of momentum. The experimental results for flow features are shown in graphs over a limited period of time for various parameters. Furthermore, some special cases for the movement of the plate are also studied and results are demonstrated graphically via Mathcad-15 software

Fractional Modeling of Viscous Fluid over a Moveable Inclined Plate Subject to Exponential Heating with Singular and Non-Singular Kernels

In this paper, a new approach to investigating the unsteady natural convection flow of viscous fluid over a moveable inclined plate with exponential heating is carried out. The mathematical modeling is based on fractional treatment of the governing equation subject to the temperature, velocity and concentration field. Innovative definitions of time fractional operators with singular and non-singular kernels have been working on the developed constitutive mass, energy and momentum equations. The fractionalized analytical solutions based on special functions are obtained by using Laplace transform method to tackle the non-dimensional partial differential equations for velocity, mass and energy. Our results propose that by increasing the value of the Schimdth number and Prandtl number the concentration and temperature profiles decreased, respectively. The presence of a Prandtl number increases the thermal conductivity and reflects the control of thickness of momentum. The experimental results for flow features are shown in graphs over a limited period of time for various parameters. Furthermore, some special cases for the movement of the plate are also studied and results are demonstrated graphically via Mathcad-15 software

Diagnostic Accuracy Of Spectral Doppler Ultrasound In Diagnosis Of Malignant Breast Lesions Taking Histopathology As Gold Standard

Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of Spectral Doppler Ultrasound in malignant breast lesions, taking histopathology as the gold standard. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. The study duration was 06 months from 10th June 2020 to 10th December 2020. Methods: The study design was Cross-sectional.Consecutive non-probability sampling technique was used for sample collection. A total of 165 women with breast lumps with a duration of lump >1 month and of any size and age 25-65 years were enrolled. Each patient was subject to spectral Doppler ultrasound using a high-resolution unit with a linear array probe centred at 7.5MHz. The findings were interpreted by a consultant radiologist for the presence or absence of malignant breast lesions. All patients underwent biopsy in the concerned ward and the histopathology report was compared with spectral Doppler USG findings. Results: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of Spectral Doppler Ultrasound in diagnosing malignant breast lesions, taking histopathology as gold standard was 91.84%, 83.86%, 89.11%, 87.50% and 88.48% respectively. All spectral Doppler indices, including mean peak systolic velocity (PSV), resistive index (RI), and Pulsatility index (PI) were significantly higher in malignant tumours. The optimal cut-off points were PSV = 12.5 cm/s (sensitivity: 85%, specificity: 82%), RI = 0.68 (sensitivity = 92%, specificity = 85%), and PI = 0.93 (sensitivity = 91%, specificity = 88%). Conclusion: The use of Doppler Ultrasound is a feasible, safer and non-invasive modality and has high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of malignant breast lesions

Efficacy and Safety of Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Triple-Negative and HER-2 Positive Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials

Breast cancer (BC) is the 2nd most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are monoclonal antibodies linked to cytotoxic agents and are directed towards a specific tumor protein. Therefore, they are more potent and can have relatively less toxicity. In this meta-analysis, we assessed the efficacy and safety of ADCs in breast cancer. We searched PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and clinicaltrials.gov for relevant studies and included 7 randomized clinical trials (N = 5,302) and 7 non-randomized clinical trials (N = 658). R programming language software was used to conduct this meta-analysis. In 4 RCTs on HER-2 positive BC (N = 2,825), the pooled HR of PFS and OS was 0.72 (95% CI = 0.61-0.84, I2 = 71%) and 0.73 (95% CI = 0.64-0.84, I2 = 20%), respectively in favor of ADCs versus chemotherapy. In RCT on triple negative BC (N = 468), HR of PFS and OS were 0.55 (95%CI = 0.51-0.61) and 0.59 (95% CI = 0.54-0.66), respectively, in favor of saci-gov versus chemotherapy. In RCT on HER-2 positive residual invasive BC, HR of recurrence/death was 0.61 (95% CI = 0.54-0.69) in favor of ADC versus chemotherapy. In an RCT (N = 524), the HR of PFS and OS were 0.28 (95% CI = 0.22-0.37) and 0.55 (95%CI = 0.36-0.86), respectively, in favor of trastuzumab-deruxtecan (T-der) as compared to trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1). Anemia, rash, diarrhea, fatigue, hypertension, thrombocytopenia, and elevated aminotransferases were the common ≥grade 3 adverse events reported in 4%, 1%, 2%, 1%, 2%, 9%, and 3% of the patients, respectively. ADCs were more effective than single and double agent chemotherapy in patients with HER-2 positive or triple negative BC. Among ADCs, T-der was more effective than T-DM1