Sections 3 and 4 of the Human Rights Act and their impact on the United Kingdom’s constitutional arrangements

In the late 1990s, the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) was incorporated into British law. Section 3 of the HRA grants British judges to go as far as they can when interpreting domestic legislation in line with the European Convention on Human Rights. This article reviews relevant case law to assert that despite this extension of judicial power, British judges interpret domestic legislation in line with its fundamental purpose when reviewing whether it is compliant with the European Convention on Human Rights. This article also considers the impact of section 4 of the HRA on the UK’s constitutional arrangements. Section 4 allows judges to issue a ‘declaration of incompatibility’ upon finding domestic legislation to be incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights. Although section 4 has empowered senior British judges to issue declarations of incompatibility, Parliament must still decide whether those declarations can invalidate domestic law. This reality has sparked a debate about bi-polar sovereignty between the Parliament and the judiciary. Despite this clear tension between the Parliament and the judiciary, this article contends that parliamentary sovereignty has not been eradicated due to sections 3 and 4 of the HRA

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the United Kingdom's immigration detention system

The conference, “Measuring Migration: How? When? Why?”, was an interdisciplinary and international venue for academics, practitioners, and students to explore the idea of “measuring” migration” using a variety of methods from interdisciplinary perspectives. Participants explored the ethics and implications of what it means to track migratory flows and discussed when this might be appropriate and why these data are helpful/harmful. This conference was hosted in hybrid format online and in-person at the University of Oxford on June 9-10, 2022 (Oxford, England, UK) and was sponsored by MigrationOxford (previously known as the Migration and Mobility Network) and Nuffield College. There were over 300 participants registered from around the world, spanning six continents and dozens of institutions. There were over 30 paper presentations on 10 panels and four keynote addresses/panels that took place over the two days. The proceedings included in this volume cover the majority of the papers presented. We would like to thank our colleagues who served on the program and steering committees, as well as those who helped us on the ground as local coordinators. We are particularly grateful for our funders at Nuffield College and MigrationOxford for their faith in the success of this event. Most of all, we would like to thank our speakers and presenters who came in-person and online to participate in the first Measuring Migration conference in this series

The fight for survival fifty years on: a brief synopsis on Law centres in the UK

Law centres are providers of legal aid and have been in existence since the early 1970s. Their main role has been to assist those that reside within their local communities. They specialise predominantly in social welfare or ‘poverty’ law as their legal representatives possess detailed knowledge about the problems their local residents face. This article is divided into timeframes and will consider the development of law centres in the UK from 1945 to 2021. Between 1945 and 1970, the Labour Party under Clement Atlee passed the Legal Aid and Advice Act 1949, which enabled legal aid to be funded by the state. The first law centre was created in 1970. Between 1970 and 1986, there was an exponential growth in law centres in the UK; however, the Law Society (of England and Wales) and the State were not supportive of them. Between 1986 and 1997, this article considers the further funding cuts that were made to law centres by the Conservative Party under Margaret Thatcher and John Major. Between 1997 and 2010, the New Labour Party (under Tony Blair) was slightly flexible as they attempted to introduce the Community Legal Partnership Scheme (CLPS), which lacked a clear policy and coordinated funding method, so it failed. Between 2010 and 2021, the Conservative Government decided to further cut funding for law centres, but they have survived through mobilising their efforts in seeking funding from other organisations. The article submits that it was not just the State but also the Law Society’s lack of support for law centres that thwarted their development. This lack of continuity in their development can be traced back to the specific antagonistic relationships between the State, the Law Society on the one hand and the law centres on the other. The Law Society was more concerned about protecting the profession for financial reasons than the public throughout this movement. Secondly, there has never been a clear policy on law centres which has been exacerbated by the lack of a coordinated method of funding throughout the history of this movement. Having a policy would have aided their development as there would have been a clearer funding mechanism in place from the very beginning, which could have also led to uniformity in their operations. It is remarkable how far law centres have developed in terms of the services they offer to the most marginalised section of society despite the insurmountable challenges they have faced over the years due to a lack of funding, policy, and their antagonistic relationship with the State

VMLA0014: Written evidence submitted by Ayesha Riaz (University of Greenwich)

Report: no abstract available

Characterization of RNase X25 and Lamp1 in Drosophila melanogaster

RNases T2 have been shown to be evolutionarily conserved in plants, deutrostomes and protostomes indicating that this ancient enzyme may be playing a conserved housekeeping role in diverse organisms. Indeed, evidence from studies in Arabidopsis, zebrafish and human suggests that RNases T2 are involved in rRNA recycling under normal conditions. In order to further elucidate the function of these enzymes in animals, we characterized RNase X25, the only member of the RNase T2 family present in Drosophila melanogaster. In this study, we have shown that RNase X25 is ubiquitously expressed throughout the life cycle, is a major contributor of ribonuclease activity in Drosophila and is upregulated under conditions of nutritional stress accompanied by a concomitant upregulation of Atg5, an autophagy marker. These findings suggest that RNase X25 has functions similar to those of RNase T2 in other organisms. In order to further clarify the mechanism of rRNA uptake by lysosomes for degradation by RNase X25 in Drosophila melanogaster, we characterized the lysosomal associated membrane glycoprotein, Lamp1. Although it has been used extensively as a lysosomal marker in Drosophila, the actual function of this protein within the lysosomal membrane remains elusive in flies. LAMP2, an ortholog of Lamp1 in humans and mice has three splice variants with conserved luminal regions but different cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains. DmelLamp1 shows the strongest homology with LAMP2C among the three splice variants. Recently, the C-terminal regions of DmelLamp1 and LAMP2C were shown to have very high affinity for RNA isolated from mouse brain. LAMP2A has been implicated in chaperone-mediated autophagy, and LAMP2B deficiency has been shown to cause Danon disease, characterized by cardiomyopathy and myopathy, in humans. In the current study, we have shown that, just as in the case of RNase X25, LAMP1 expression is upregulated under nutritional stress. We have also characterized a loss of function mutant for Lamp1 in Drosophila melanogaster. Lamp1 depletion leads to accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in fat body tissue as evidenced by Lysotracker-red (LTR) staining and upregulation of Atg8 expression. These results warrant further investigation into the putative role of Lamp1 in rRNA binding and transport to the lumen of lysosomes for degradation by RNase X25 in Drosophila

Application of Smooth Transition autoregressive (STAR) models for Exchange Rate

This study evaluates the suitability of the Smooth transition autoregressive (STAR) models specification for real exchange rate Modeling. Our paper investigates the stationarity of real exchange rates which assume linearity in it; we also apply the tests to check stationarity that assume nonlinearity in a particular time series. The focus of this study is to explain the simple matter of time series stationarity or non-stationarity regarding modeling; its principle aim is application of logistic Smooth transition autoregressive (LSTAR) and exponential Smooth transition autoregressive (ESTAR) modeling to Exchange rate series to find the model which better explain its deviation from mean. We found ESTAR adjustment for our data series

Review of Gravity Model Derivations

The gravity model of international trade flows is a common approach to modeling bilateral trade flows. But it is criticized on the ground of weak theoretical base and poor micro-foundation. The gravity equation for describing trade flows first appeared in the empirical literature without much serious attempt to justify it theoretically. The theoretical support for the gravity model was originally very poor, but after the second half of the 1970s, several theoretical developments have filled this gap .In this study we also endeavor to justify the Gravity model specification and derive gravity equation from different perspective. We infer from literature and find it a strong empirical tool of analysis for international trade flows even though of some weakness it innate. Moreover, multilateral trade resistance factors may be added in the empirical estimation to correctly estimate theoretical gravity model. Keywords: Gravity Model, Anderson Gravity Model, Tinbergen Gravity Model, Newton’s Basic

How do Companies Promote Luxury Brands in United Arab Emirates?

Luxury – a word most brands would want to be characterized as. Being a social marker, luxury brands play a key role in the creation of human identity – it influences how they dress and enables them to signify a certain lifestyle. In the past it was fairly easy to brand luxury, as competition was moderate and consumers were quite easy to define and the tendency of consumers to remain loyal and uncritical towards a single-brand.[1] Keeping the above in view, the study was designed to analyze the promotional strategies of three well known automotive brands present in United Arab Emirates. The study indicated that the companies used almost the same modes and mediums for promoting their respective brands. [1] Reference: Kapferer & Bastien, 2009, p. 18 & Okonkwo, 2007, p. 3, 6

IMPACT OF FDI ON ECONOMY GROWTH: A COMPARISON OF SOUTH ASIAN STATES & CHINA

This paper makes a comparison of the impact of Foreign Direct investment on the economies of South Asian states including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka with China. The paper attempts to investigate that what are the differences between the economies of South Asia region and China. For study purpose annual data are used. The variables selected are FDI, External Debt, and Remittances. Analytical tools of OLS test and granger causality test are used to analyze the data. The result confirmed the fast growing economic development of China as compared with states of South Asia. The results confirmed that China is much faster growing economy than South Asia region. In order to attract direct investment into the of South Asian states, there is a need to develop infrastructure, stabilized political environment, law and order situation, healthy economic environment, curtailing on external debt, tax exemption. If these countries give due attention to FDI role in economic development FDI can facilitate human capital formation, domestic investment and technology transfer in the region and they can also develop their economies much like that of China