L’émigration irrégulière en Tunisie après le 14 janvier 2011

L’émigration irrégulière, communément dénommée la harga, a commencé entre les côtes tunisiennes et italiennes au début des années 1990, lorsque l’Italie qui avait ratifié les accords Schengen a décidé d’imposer des visas d’entrée pour les ressortissants tunisiens. Les difficultés économiques de la Tunisie, le chômage, le développement inégal des régions, l’injustice sociale et l’intensification de la répression politique par le régime de Ben Ali ont créé des conditions propices à l’émigration..

Adaptation of the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction in Tunisia: Teaching Strategies to Promote Sustainable Education in Schools

none7siThe objective of the study was the translation and adaptation into Arabic language of the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction and the examination of psychometric properties among students in Tunisia. A set of students (N = 778) were recruited to complete a translated, Arabic version of the Teacher Interaction Questionnaire (AQTI). The subjects represented both female and male with an average age of 15.98 ± 2.17 years. The subjects were divided into exploratory (N = 226) and confirmatory (N = 552) samples. For the exploratory sample, the female sex represented 46.90% and the male 53.10% (N = 120). Likewise, the confirmatory sample consisted of females (48.01%) and males (51.99%). The scale designed in Arabic AQTI presented eight components for exploratory factor analysis. The result was a first factorial solution, which kept these eight components of the predetermined instrument. The confirmatory factor analysis provided good fit indices. Similar results for instrument reliability were confirmed for all dimensions, through good Cronbach’s coefficient, which were superior to 0.80. The Arabic version of AQTI is valid and reliable and can be administered to assess teacher/student interactions in Tunisia. However, further research needs to examine the construct validity of the instrument.openSamia Boukari; Noomen Guelmami; Sabri Gaied Chotrane; Sami Bouzid; Aymen Khemiri; Antonella Muscella; Riadh KhalifaBoukari, Samia; Guelmami, Noomen; Gaied Chotrane, Sabri; Bouzid, Sami; Khemiri, Aymen; Muscella, Antonella; Khalifa, Riad

Modulation of Kv3.1b potassium channel level and intracellular potassium concentration in 158N murine oligodendrocytes and BV-2 murine microglial cells treated with 7-ketocholesterol, 24S-hydroxycholesterol or tetracosanoic acid (C24:0)

International audienceLittle is known about K+ regulation playing major roles in the propagation of nerve impulses, as well as in apoptosis and inflammasome activation involved in neurodegeneration. As increased levels of 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) and tetracosanoic acid (C24:0) have been observed in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, we studied the effect of 24 and/or 48 h of treatment with 7KC, 24S-OHC and C24:0 on Kv3.1b potassium channel level, intracellular K+ concentration, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and plasma membrane permeability in 158N oligodendrocytes and BV-2 microglial cells. In 158N cells, whereas increased level of Kv3.1b was only observed with 7KC and 24S-OHC but not with C24:0 at 24 h, an intracellular accumulation of K+ was always detected. In BV-2 cells treated with 7KC, 24S-OHC and C24:0, Kv3.1b level was only increased at 48 h; intracellular K+ accumulation was found at 24 h with 7KC, 24S-OHC and C24:0, and only with C24:0 at 48 h. Positive correlations between Kv3.1b level and intracellular K+ concentration were observed in 158N cells in the presence of 7KC and 24S-OHC, and in 7KC-treated BV-2 cells at 48 h. Positive correlations were also found between Kv3.1b or the intracellular K+ concentration, overproduction of reactive oxygen species, loss of transmembrane mitochondrial potential and increased plasma membrane permeability in 158N and BV-2 cells. Our data support that the lipid environment affects Kv3.1b channel expression and/or functionality, and that the subsequent rupture of K+ homeostasis is relied with oligodendrocytes and microglial cells damages

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

La justice pénale dans les Alpes-Maritimes et les avorteurs (1939-1944)

The development of natalist propaganda, establishing a close link between abortion and the fall in the birthrate, led to stricter legislation concerning the repression of abortion practices in July 1939. The Vichy regime hardened the Family Code through even more repressive measures. In pursuance of the Act of February 15, 1942, "persons who procure or try to procure an abortion on a pregnant woman are liable to be submitted to the State Court". A local study of abortionists’ repression by the Criminal Court of the Alpes-Maritimes, shows there was a gap between official ideology and judicial practices: the first called for exemplary punishment, whereas the second was relatively lenient. Between 1941 and 1944, the Magistrate’s Court of the Alpes-Maritimes did not impose the maximum penalties on abortionists; the use of emergency laws did not arise

L’émigration irrégulière en Tunisie après le 14 janvier 2011: Le problème des disparus : pouvoirs publics et société civile

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RAPPORT SUR UNE ENQUÊTE ORALE CONCERNANT LA POPULATION MAGHRÉBINE DE LA DIGUE DES FRANÇAIS

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Collecte de fonds et violence dans le milieu des travailleurs immigrés algériens : Alpes Maritimes (1956-1962)

La guerre d’indépendance algérienne s’est déroulée en partie sur le territoire métropolitain. Ena nous fondant sur l’étude de sources variées, constituées principalement d’archives judiciaires, nous nous sommes intéressé à la collecte des fonds par le mouvement nationaliste FLN (Front de libération nationale) dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes. Il en découle un recours à la violence qui allait de l’intimidation à l’assassinat contre les récalcitrants. Toutefois, d’après la comptabilité du FLN, le taux de recouvrement des collectes, n’a pas dépassé le tiers. Ce constat nous invite à relativiser le discours sur une adhésion massive de la population algérienne immigrée au projet nationaliste du FLN, dans un département où le MNA (Mouvement national algérien), mouvement rival, n’a pas réussi à s’y implanter.The Algerian war of independence took place partly in metropolitan France. Based on a range of sources, primarily of judicial nature, this article considers the fundraising undertaken by the nationalist movement the FLN (Front de libération nationale) in the department of the Alpes-Maritimes. Consequently, there was a resort to violence which varied from intimidation to murder against the recalcitrant. However, according to the financial records of the FLN, the recovery rate did not exceed one third of the funds. That finding leads us to reconsider the view that the Algerian immigrants had massively adhered to the nationalist project of the FLN in a department where the rival movement, the MNA (Mouvement national algérien), could not be established

L’Italie fasciste et l’émigration clandestine des réfugiés juifs en France (1939-1940)

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