A Novel Method for Detecting Breast Cancer Location Based on Growing GA-FCM Approach

The main idea of this article is to provide a numerical diagnostic method for breast cancer diagnosis of the MRI images. To achieve this goal, we used the region's growth method to identify the target area. In the area's growth method, based on the similarity or homogeneity of the adjacent pixels, the image is subdivided into distinct areas according to the criteria used for homogeneity analysis to determine their belonging to the corresponding region. In this paper, we used manual methods and use of FCM as the function of genetic algorithm fitness. The presented algorithm is performed for 212 healthy and 110 patients. Results show that GA-FCM method have better performance than hand method to select initial points. The sensitivity of presented method is 0.67. The results of the comparison of the fuzzy fitness function in the genetic algorithm with other technique show that the proposed model is better suited to the Jaccard index with the highest Jaccard values and the lowest Jaccard distance. Among the techniques, the presented works well because of the similarity of techniques and the lowest Jaccard distance. Values close to 0.9 are close to 0.8

Experimental Study of Apoptosis after Castration in Prostate Tissue

Abstract: The prostate gland is one of the reproductive enclosure glands that its physiological function is necessary for successful reproduction in males. This gland depends on sexual hormones including androgens for its natural function and normal growth and development. So in the case of hyperplasia, hypertrophy or other prostate diseases, the most successful and efficient method of treatment is castration that in some cases is unavoidable. This thesis has been done to survey the effects of the androgen depletion states on the prostate gland and for determining the mechanism of cell death engaged in this state. In this thesis we used two groups of dogs that each group contained 5 dogs. These dogs were under care for 1 month. In this period of time they were surveyed for any possible disease. After this period the dogs in "treatment group were castrated for decreasing the level of the androgen hormones in the blood. The dogs in the "control group" were left intact. After a week of surgery, prostate glands of these dogs were extracted and used for preparing pathological cross sections. These sections have been colored in the TUNEL and H&E methods and then inspected with optical microscope for detecting apoptotic cells. We found that after castration, the size of the prostate gland decreases and microscopically changes of the gland include increased number of apoptotic cells. These results demonstrate that the type of the cell death engaged in prostate gland in androgen deprivation states are Apoptosis

Investigating the Cause of Invulnerability in Shahnameh and Mahabharat Based on Ritual Patterns

Introduction Invulnerability It is one of the most famous, oldest and most repetitive myths in the world, and has always been considered by mythologists and many other types of researches have been done on the invulnerable. There are many questions about this. Why are invulnerable usually killed at a young age? Why a person is chosen to be invulnerable? Why the invulnerable are often killed by arrows? Which narrative about the cause of invulnerability is older? But one of the most fundamental questions in this regard is how the hero becomes invulnerable. In some epic and mythical narratives of the world, such as the story of Achilles and Balder, it is explicitly mentioned how the hero became invulnerable. But in some stories, the cause of the hero's vulnerability is not stated and has led to research on this issue. In Shahnameh and Mahabharat we encounter characters who are invulnerable or have signs of invulnerability, but the reason for this is questionable. In this article, we try to investigate the cause of the invulnerability of these people.   Methodology In this article, we try to use rite patterns to analyze the data; for this reason, we pay attention to Eliade's findings from Shamanic beliefs. Eliade believes that myths and rites are related. He considers the rites to be the repetition of the oldest myths for the renewal of the world (Eliade, 2008: 80). Myths have changed for being oral; but because the rites were sacred and performed precisely, they have changed less than myths. Therefore, they can contain important information about the ancient form of myths and the cause of the hero's invulnerability can be examined according to the ancient rites related to invulnerability in Shahnameh and Mahabharat.   Discussion Various theories have been proposed as to why heroes become invulnerable. In some myths, the reason for the hero's invulnerability is explicitly stated. In the most famous myths, Thetis immersed Achilles in water after her birth and Achilles became invulnerable; but his talon, which was in his mother's hand, did not come into contact with water and remained vulnerable (Dixon-Kennedy, 2011: 39). After killing the dragon, Siegfried drowns in her blood and her skin becomes invulnerable; but a leaf was stuck between his shoulders and this organ did not come into contact with blood and remained vulnerable (Eslami Nadoushan, 1972: 49). There are two accounts of why Balder was invulnerable in Norse mythology: In one version, Balder became invulnerable by eating snake food made by Gods (Warner, 2007: 395). In the famous narrative, his mother, Frigg adjure all plants and metals not to harm Balder; but she omits the bud of an oak tree and Balder dies from an arrow made from this bud (Davidson, 2006: 78-9). In Greek mythology, the water god, Poseidon makes Caeneus invulnerable (Dixon-Kennedy, 2011: 302) .Ayas becomes invulnerable by the skin of a lion that Heracles wrapped around him as a child (Khaleghi, 1987: 200). In Indian mythology, Duryodhana is invulnerable to his mother's gaze (Mahabharat, 1979: 2/501); but in cases like Esfandiyar, Rustam, and Arjuna, the reason for invulnerability is not clear. 1. Investigation of invulnerability in shamanic rites One of the frequent themes in shamanic rites is swallowing a novice by a large monster. The symbol of rebirth is seen in shamanic beliefs around the world and one of the main symbols of rebirth is being swallowed by a monster at puberty (Eliade, 2008: 142). This pattern symbolizes death and rebirth (Eliade, 2003: 213). Swallowed by a monster is a symbol of entering the dark world of the dead, learning secrets from the spirits of the ancestors, and then emerging alive. (Eliade, 2003: 215). Landing in the world of the dead with a living body is one of the features of the heroic and epic initiation rites and is done with the goal of achieving immortality (Eliade, 2013: 136). 2. Esfandiyar and Rustam Narratives about the cause of Esfandiyar's invulnerability can be seen in Iranian books. In a narrative, Zarathustra pours holy water on Esfandiyar and makes him invulnerable (Anjavi, 1980: 2/7). In another narration, Zarathustra gives the pomegranate she brought from heaven to Esfandiyar and Esfandyiar becomes invulnerable by eating it (Amoozegar & Taffazoli, 2010: 161). Minovi considers these narrations to be fabrications and guesses that Esfandiyar in the story of Haft Khan becomes invulnerable because she goes into the dragon's mouth and is immersed in the dragon's blood (Minovy, 1975: 80). Haft Khan is Esfandiyar's initiation and for this reason, it is related to shamanic rites. Esfandiyar fights with the dragon in Haft Khan with a box she made herself. The dragon swallows her, the warrior tears the dragon from within and kills her. The pattern of being swallowed by a dragon can be seen in this narrative, and it symbolizes the hero's journey to the dark world of the dead, where she learns from her ancestors and returns victorious. This story is both the rite of the hero's initiation and makes him invulnerable Another invulnerable example in Shahnameh, is Rustam's special armor, "‌‌Babr e Bayan". After the epics become logical, armor becomes invulnerable instead of the hero (Khaleghi, 1987: 211). If we accept that Rustam is invulnerable, he probably acquired this feature in her rite of initiation, like Esfandiyar. Babr e Bayan armor is the skin of a dragon of the same name that Rustam kills in his first heroism. Rustam kills this dragon in the style of Esfandiyar. The warrior goes into the dragon's mouth with the help of a box she made herself and tears him from the inside (Haft Manzumah-yi Hamasi, 2015: 266). So this story is also a symbol of the hero going to the dark world of the dead and the hero returns from there after learning the secrets from his ancestors while he is invulnerable. 3. Arjuna In Mahabharat, the story of Arjuna's invulnerable armor is very similar to this pattern. After the Pandus and Kauravs families disagree over the government, the Pandus gets ready for war. Arjuna goes to his father, Indra with the help of a shaman to learn war and get weapons. One of the weapons that Arjuna takes from his father is invulnerable armor (Mahabharat, 1979: 1/287-8). Her separation from her family marks the beginning of the rite of initiation. He also learns the techniques of war from his father and eventually returns with invulnerable armor. This narrative, like killing a dragon, symbolizes the hero going to his ancestors, learning from them, and returning to the world of the living while becamimg invulnerable.   Conclusion Esfandiyar's invulnerability is probably due to the events of Haft Khan's story, in which he tears a dragon from inside. This story is a sign of his going to the underworld to his ancestors and returning from there, which in the shamanic rites can cause immortality and invulnerability. The story of Rustam's invulnerable armor and the way he obtained it follows the same pattern. But in Mahabharat, the principle of myth remains and we are not confronted with symbols: With the help of a shaman, Arjuna goes to another world to his father and returns from there with invulnerable armor after learning the secrets from him.

A two-stage learning convolutional neural network for sleep stage classification using a filterbank and single feature

Sleep is an essential process for the body that helps to maintain its health and vitality. The first stage in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders is sleep staging. Due to the complications in manual sleep staging by the physician, computer-aided sleep stage classification algorithms are gaining attention. In this study, a novel approach was introduced to extract distinctive representations from single-channel EEG signal for automatic sleep staging. Standard deviation as a single feature was extracted from the frequency subbands of EEG, which gave a comprehensive understanding of the signal and its activity within various frequency ranges for different sleep stages. The features formed the input space of the proposed two-stream convolutional neural network (CNN) for classification and two-stage learning was used to train the model that achieved improvements in terms of accuracy, reliability and robustness against traditional classifiers and conventional training method of the neural networks. For the performance evaluation, three well-known benchmark datasets including Sleep EDF, Sleep EDFx and DREAMS Subject were used. The proposed algorithm by utilizing simple and effective methods improved sleep stage classification results by achieving an overall accuracy of 93.48%, 93.14% and 83.55%, respectively. The introduced framework in this study has great potential for practical implementation on a home-based sleep staging device

Preservation of Testicular Tissue and Alleviation of Oxidative Stress by Carvacrol Following Torsion/ Detorsion in Adult Male Rats

Objectives: Testicular torsion is a critical medical condition necessitating prompt diagnosis and intervention. This study aimed to explore the potential safeguarding effect of carvacrol against histological damage and oxidative stress resulting from torsion/detorsion (T/D) in rat testes. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups. The sham group did not undergo any intervention. The second group received an intraperitoneal injection of 75 mg/kg carvacrol half an hour before detorsion application. The third group was administered 80 mg/kg carvacrol intraperitoneally without detorsion. The fourth group (control) experienced (T/D) through the administration of saline. Following a 5-hour reperfusion period, the left testis was excised for histological slide preparation. Blood serum was used to measure antioxidant enzyme levels. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS version 19 software and analysis of variance tests. Results: Significant histological alterations were observed between the sham and other three groups. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and testosterone significantly decreased in all treatment groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conversely, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased in the torsion control group in contrast to the sham group (P<0.05). Carvacrol administration mitigated MDA levels in the treatment groups. Also, there were significant differences in tissue parameters between the sham and the other groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, carvacrol possesses the potential to mitigate testicular tissue damage, enhance testicular function, and ameliorate oxidative stress consequential to testicular rotation

Performance analysis of OFDM channel estimation under IQ imbalance

This study was done in attempt to investigate the effect of In-Phaseand- Quadrature Imbalance (IQI) presence in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing system (OFDM). Although OFDM system is widely used in the communication system, it is prone and sensitive to non-idealities such as IQI. This issue causes serious performance degradation in the system. Channel estimation plays an important part in an OFDM system. Thus, this study will investigate the effect of IQI in OFDM system channel estimation. There are two types of channel estimation scheme used in this paper. They are the Least Square (LS) and Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE). The outcome for this channel estimation scheme will be compared with their theoretical values based on the channel’s Mean Square Error (MSE). To obtain the result, LS and LMMSE channel estimation was developed and simulated using MATLAB Simulink software. Then, the corresponding output was analyzed. From the analysis, the performance of these two-channel estimation schemes was affected after the addition of IQI. However, comparing both schemes, LMMSE has better performance compared to LS in terms of MSE

Developing an efficient deep neural network for automatic detection of COVID-19 using chest X-ray images

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) could be described as the greatest human challenge of the 21st century. The development and transmission of the disease have increased mortality in all countries. Therefore, a rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 is necessary to treat and control the disease. In this paper, a new method for the automatic identification of pneumonia (including COVID-19) is presented using a proposed deep neural network. In the proposed method, the chest X-ray images are used to separate 2–4 classes in 7 different and functional scenarios according to healthy, viral, bacterial, and COVID-19 classes. In the proposed architecture, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are used together with a fusion of the deep transfer learning and LSTM networks, without involving feature extraction/selection for classification of pneumonia. We have achieved more than 90% accuracy for all scenarios except one and also achieved 99% accuracy for separating COVID 19 from healthy group. We also compared our deep proposed network with other deep transfer learning networks (including Inception-ResNet V2, Inception V4, VGG16 and MobileNet) that have been recently widely used in pneumonia detection studies. The results based on the proposed network were very promising in terms of accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity compared to the other deep transfer learning approaches. Depending on the high performance of the proposed method, it can be used during the treatment of patients

Automatic Detection of Driver Fatigue Based on EEG Signals Using a Developed Deep Neural Network

In recent years, detecting driver fatigue has been a significant practical necessity and issue. Even though several investigations have been undertaken to examine driver fatigue, there are relatively few standard datasets on identifying driver fatigue. For earlier investigations, conventional methods relying on manual characteristics were utilized to assess driver fatigue. In any case study, such approaches need previous information for feature extraction, which could raise computing complexity. The current work proposes a driver fatigue detection system, which is a fundamental necessity to minimize road accidents. Data from 11 people are gathered for this purpose, resulting in a comprehensive dataset. The dataset is prepared in accordance with previously published criteria. A deep convolutional neural network–long short-time memory (CNN–LSTM) network is conceived and evolved to extract characteristics from raw EEG data corresponding to the six active areas A, B, C, D, E (based on a single channel), and F. The study’s findings reveal that the suggested deep CNN–LSTM network could learn features hierarchically from raw EEG data and attain a greater precision rate than previous comparative approaches for two-stage driver fatigue categorization. The suggested approach may be utilized to construct automatic fatigue detection systems because of their precision and high speed

In vivo Skin Penetration, Radical Protection, and Structural Changes after Topical Application of a Herbal Oil Cream Compared to Topical Calcipotriol in Mild to Moderate Psoriasis

Background: The chronicity of psoriasis often requires continuous topical treatment. Materials and Methods: Here, the radical protection of a cream containing various herbal oils was evaluated in vivo by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and its skin penetration by Raman microscopy in intact and barrier-disturbed skin. Changes in skin barrier properties were evaluated after 4 weeks of daily topical application using in vivo laser scanning microscopy (LSM) and transepidermal water loss in 26 healthy volunteers. A randomized, controlled, double-blind, three-arm parallel clinical study evaluated the efficacy of the herbal oil cream compared to a 0.05% calcipotriol-containing cream and to a vehicle cream, in 135 patients with mild to moderate plaque psoriasis with the change in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) from baseline to week 12 as the primary endpoint. Results: EPR spectroscopy disclosed a significantly higher radical formation in untreated than skin treated with the herbal oil cream (p ≤ 0.05). LSM measurements indicated a protective skin barrier effect in treated compared to untreated skin. In the clinical trial, the topical application of herbal oils showed a significant reduction of the PASI score compared to topical calcipotriol at week 12 (p = 0.016). The mean reduction in PASI was 49% for the herbal oil cream, 38% for calcipotriol, and 55% for the vehicle cream. The percentage of patients, who reached PASI 50 and 75 at any time point, was 55.9% and 29.4% for the herbal oil cream, 47.4% and 15.8% for calcipotriol, and 23 (60.5%) and 13 (34.2%) for the vehicle, respectively (p > 0.05). The vehicle, originally designed as a placebo, contained a main ingredient of the herbal oil cream and therefore showed corresponding results. Conclusion: The herbal oil cream demonstrated effectiveness in the treatment of mild to moderate plaque psoriasis

Armenians Genocide or the Great Tragedy 1915 Opponents` Argumentation

Investigating 1915`s painful events which were called “the Great Tragedy” by Turks and “Genocide” by Armenians is an issue that has attracted the attention of some researchers. The topic has been vague because of special reasons such as political sensitivities and researchers` limited access to the related articles of Ottoman, Armenia and Russia. Here, first we have defined the concept “Genocide” and then scientifically dealt with the historic issue through indirect study of the existing documents in the Ottoman empire and the researches done by the opponents of Genocide Theory. The article, by a descriptive- analytical method, investigates the changes occurred during 1915 and 1916 due to Armenians forced migration and massacre. To compile the information in the article, in addition to printed sources, valid online sources have been used