Equivalence Classes of Permutations Modulo Replacements Between 123 and Two-Integer Patterns

We explore a new type of replacement of patterns in permutations, suggested by James Propp, that does not preserve the length of permutations. In particular, we focus on replacements between 123 and a pattern of two integer elements. We apply these replacements in the classical sense; that is, the elements being replaced need not be adjacent in position or value. Given each replacement, the set of all permutations is partitioned into equivalence classes consisting of permutations reachable from one another through a series of bi-directional replacements. We break the eighteen replacements of interest into four categories by the structure of their classes and fully characterize all of their classes.Comment: 14 page

Business Models and Innovation Obstacles in Iran: A New Framework

Employing appropriate and up to date Business models in Organizations is so important due to the fact that it is the strategy which shows the main logic of a corporation in creating values in organiza-tions. It is important to the extent that not employing an appropriate and up to date business model will prevent the organizations fulfilling their aims, even if they employ high technology or diverse resources. In fact, economical value of a technology is unknown until corporations employ an appro-priate form of business model. It can be said that, those corporations employing more appropriate business models for a technology achieve more value than the corporations discovering that technolo-gy. A good business model is the basis of each successful organization, no difference the investment is new or it's an already established one. Due to the importance of this issue, in this study, we try to identify the main reasons for not being up to date or not developing business models in organizations. We do this by reflecting upon the results of credible and up to date researches in the area of different business models and obstacles or challenges facing different organizations. In line with what was said above, we employed library research, extracting updating obstacles in business models, ques-tionnaire and field research for data collection process. Determining reliability and validity of the questionnaire, we distributed it among 198 corporations of management counseling in Tehran prov-ince. This research follows positivism paradigm and is practical, quantitative, and inductive. The results lead to the discovery of 35 cases of the main reasons of not being up to date and developed in using business models. As there was no basis for categorizing variables and formerly defined catego-ries, in order to maximize the correlation between variables and factors, calculating the factorial ratio and determining the intended factors, we employed factorial design. Using this statistical technique, the variables were categorized in 4 kinds of obstacles: strategic, information, management, and sys-tem. At the end these are ranked using fuzzy Topsis technique. The results of ranking show the im-portance order of obstacles as follows: Informational factors, Systematic factors, managerial factors & strategic factors. Research paper Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Salamzadeh, Y. Rezai, M. (2017). “Business Models and Innovation Obstacles in Iran: A New Framework”, Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 108–139

Improvement of BM3D Algorithm and Employment to Satellite and CFA Images Denoising

This paper proposes a new procedure in order to improve the performance of block matching and 3-D filtering (BM3D) image denoising algorithm. It is demonstrated that it is possible to achieve a better performance than that of BM3D algorithm in a variety of noise levels. This method changes BM3D algorithm parameter values according to noise level, removes prefiltering, which is used in high noise level; therefore Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and visual quality get improved, and BM3D complexities and processing time are reduced. This improved BM3D algorithm is extended and used to denoise satellite and color filter array (CFA) images. Output results show that the performance has upgraded in comparison with current methods of denoising satellite and CFA images. In this regard this algorithm is compared with Adaptive PCA algorithm, that has led to superior performance for denoising CFA images, on the subject of PSNR and visual quality. Also the processing time has decreased significantly.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figur

Labour markets in a Post-Keynesian growth model: the effects of endogenous productivity growth and working time reduction

We study endogenous employment and distribution dynamics in a Post-Keynesian model of Kalecki-Steindl tradition. Productivity adjustments stabilize employment and the labour share in the long run: technological change allows firms to replenish the reserve army of workers in struggle over income shares and thereby keep wage demands in check. We discuss stability conditions and the equilibrium dynamics. This allows us to study how legal working time and its reduction affect the equilibrium. We find that a demand shock is likely to lower the profit share and increase the employment rate. A supply shock in contrast tends to have detrimental effects on employment and income distribution. Labour market institutions and a working time reduction have no long-term effect on growth, distribution and inflation in the model. The effects on the level of capital stock and output however are positive in a wage-led demand regime. Furthermore, an erosion of labour market institutions dampens inflation temporarily. The model provides possible explanations as to the causes of several current economic phenomena such as secular stagnation, digitalisation, and the break-down of the Philips curve.Series: Ecological Economic Paper

Climate Risks, Seasonal Food Insecurity and Consumption Coping Strategies: Evidences from a Micro-level Study from Northern Bangladesh

This paper examines the food insecurity status and coping strategies among the households in the Northern Bangladesh. A three stage stratified random sampling followed by a structured questionnaire was employed to collect primary data from nine different primary sampling units. Locally adjusted reduced consumption coping strategy index is used to quantify the food security status, especially for mainland and flood affected riverbanks of the study areas. Nine explanatory variables are considered for an interval regression to assess the impacts of these predictors on changing reduced consumption coping strategy index score. Moreover, body mass index of household heads and dependency ratio of respective households are analyzed to compare strata-wise food insecurity.Food Insecurity, Climate Risks, Consumption Coping Strategy Index, Interval Regression, Northern Bangladesh.

Ground state factorization of heterogeneous spin models in magnetic fields

The exact factorized ground state of a heterogeneous (ferrimagnetic) spin model which is composed of two spins ($\rho, \sigma$) has been presented in detail. The Hamiltonian is not necessarily translational invariant and the exchange couplings can be competing antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic arbitrarily between different sub-lattices to build many practical models such as dimerized and tetramerized materials and ladder compounds. The condition to get a factorized ground state is investigated for non-frustrated spin models in the presence of a uniform and a staggered magnetic field. According to the lattice model structure we have categorized the spin models in two different classes and obtained their factorization conditions. The first class contains models in which their lattice structures do not provide a single uniform magnetic field to suppress the quantum correlations. Some of these models may have a factorized ground state in the presence of a uniform and a staggered magnetic field. However, in the second class there are several spin models in which their ground state could be factorized whether a staggered field is applied to the system or not. For the latter case, in the absence of a staggered field the factorizing uniform field is unique. However, the degrees of freedom for obtaining the factorization conditions are increased by adding a staggered magnetic field.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, Accepted in Progress of Theoretical Physic

Climate Risks, Seasonal Food Insecurity and Consumption Coping Strategies: Evidences from a Micro-level Study from Northern Bangladesh

This paper presents the food insecurity status and coping strategies among the households in the Northern Bangladesh. A three stage stratified random sampling followed by a structured questionnaire was employed to collect primary data from nine different primary sampling units. Locally adjusted reduced consumption coping strategy index is used to quantify the food security status, especially for mainland and flood affected riverbanks of the study areas. Nine explanatory variables are considered for an interval regression to assess the impacts of these predictors on changing reduced consumption coping strategy index score. Moreover, body mass index of household heads and dependency ratio of respective households are analyzed to compare strata-wise food insecurity.Food Insecurity, Climate Risks, Consumption Coping Strategy Index, Interval Regression, Northern Bangladesh.

Factorized ground state for a general class of ferrimagnets

We have found the exact (factorized) ground state of a general class of ferrimagnets in the presence of a magnetic field which covers the frustrated, anisotropic and long range interactions for arbitrary dimensional space. In particular cases, our model represents the bond-alternating, ferromagnet-antiferromagnet and also homogeneous spin $s$ model. The factorized ground state is a product of single particle kets on a bipartite lattice composed of two different spins ($\rho, \sigma$). The spin waves analysis around the exact ground state show two branch of excitations which is the origin of two dynamics of the model. The signature of these dynamics is addressed as a peak and a broaden bump in the specific heat.Comment: 4 pages and 2 figures, some typos correcte

Some Effects of Subsea Water Pipeline Construction on Sessile Benthic Community Structure of Redang Island, Malaysia

A pipeline system, constructed in 1997- 1998, to provide water to Redang Island, traverses an area covered with coral reefs. Biological studies were conducted before and following the construction to monitor changes in habitat and biota at selected sites. Pre-construction studies consisted of conducting inventories of predominant marine life, and evaluating sites for their sensitivity to construction, whilst, post-construction studies involved assessment of d isturbed areas and monitoring the pattern of re-colonization by marine life. Marine environmental impact associated with the pipeline-crossing was monitored in the vicinity of the Island for one year. Evidence of the pipeline impact was assessed mainly by values concerning the abundance of zoobenthic community (including corals) and species diversity indices. Annelids and Arthropods were the most dominant phyla numerically during both study periods, being greater in pre-construction period. Student t-test and One-way ANOVA analyses revealed that there was no significant differences between total abundance of sessile macroinvertebrates during pre and post-construction periods. Student t-test revealed a significant difference between the means of live coral coverage during pre and post-construction periods. There was no apparent change in total number of macro-invertebrates as a result of pipe line construct ion. Results indicated that impacts arising from marine-crossing were short-term and non-residual