THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANAGERS' LEADERSHIP STYLES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION OFFICES UNIVERSITIES AND SPORT VOLUNTEERS' SATISFACTION

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between managers' leadership styles in physical education offices universities and sport volunteers' satisfaction. Statistical populations of this study included the whole volunteer students in sport associations of countries decimal zones universities. The sample of the study consisted of 231 volunteers who were selected by Morgan Table (n=231), which the results of 208 questionnaires were statistically analyzed. After verifying the validity of questionnaires by the experts, their reliability were calculated as (α=0.91 and α=0.88 respectively for leadership style and Satisfaction questionnaires by Cronbach's alpha coefficient in a pilot study). Data were analyzed with parametric tests at P<0.05. Results showed a positive significant relationship between transformational leadership style with volunteers' satisfaction (r=0.341, sig=0.001). There was no significant relationship between transactional leadership style and volunteers' satisfaction (P>0.05). Also, There was negative significant relationship between laissez-faire leadership style and volunteers' satisfaction (r= -0.355, sig=0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between preferences of managers' leadership styles. Thus, transformational style (3.723+0.683) was in first and the transactional (3.476+0.572) and laissez-faire (2.827+0.833) styles were in next preferences. Also, from volunteer students' perspective, Satisfaction of acquiring experience, career and social were the most important dimensions, and material Satisfaction was the least important factor. According to research results, It seems that managers of Physical Education offices universities can increase the amount of volunteers' Satisfaction and provide background of their more and most effective attendance in sport association with transformational and inspiration leadership styles, appropriate incentive policies and converting sport association environment to a place in which easier accessibility to individuals' volunteer incentives becomes possible

The comparison of self esteem between volunteer and non volunteer students in universities sport in Iran

Studies three concepts of transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leaderships as three independent and individual dimensions. This field study is descriptive and correlative. Statistical population of this study is the volunteer students in universities' sport associations of 10 regions of the country. Among 73 universities, 17 had active sport associations. Based on Morgan table, 231 students were selected as statistical sample (n=231) from which the results of 208 questionnaires were analyzed. Bass and Avolio (1995) Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was used to measure managers' leadership style of the universities' sport administrations. This questionnaire includes 41 questions with 5-value Lickert scale (1=never to 5=always). Choosing satisfaction from experiencing as the most important dimension of satisfaction shows volunteers' high level of satisfaction from experiences they have acquired in universities sport associations. The reason of this fact is that sport activity in the association is long term in nature. Sport association provides the students an opportunity to experience and use their experiences in their sport and work life. This study illustrates that girls are more satisfied than boys in all satisfaction dimensions (especially acquiring experience, career, commitment, and material) in sport associations. Researches show that female students' satisfaction is more than male students' satisfaction and women's job satisfaction is more than men's job satisfaction. Thus, the higher degree of job satisfaction and experiencing in female students seems more justifying. Also, it's been cleared that sport students were more satisfied than other students in all satisfaction dimensions (especially acquiring experience, career, purposeful, and commitment

Gene Expression Survey of Serotonin Receptors (5HTR2A and 5HTR3A) and Monoamine Oxidases Enzyme After Treatment With Methadone in Addicted Individuals

Background: Addiction disrupts the nervous system of the reward system, stimulus, and memory in the brain. The disruption of these systems in the brain causes biological, physiological, social, and psychological complications. Addiction is considered a psychological, social, and economic disorder in terms of medicine, psychology, and sociology, as well as philosophy, law, ethics, and religion. The most important place of narcotic effect is the brain, and receptors affect these substances. Dopamine and serotonin receptors are among the most important receptors, in which drugs affect them. Methadone is also an opiate drug that is even more addictive than morphine and heroin and is often used as a preservative to control heroin and narcotic addiction.Methods: In this study, 3 genes of 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2 A (5HT2Ra), 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 3 A (5HT3Ra), and Monoamine Oxidases A (MAOA), which play an important role in serotonin function, were examined in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) of heroin addicts, who had been quitting addiction with methadone for 3 months. Therefore, peripheral blood PBMCs were isolated. cDNA was synthesized from mRNA; then, the expression of the gene was measured by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).Results: The expression of MAOA gene in the PBMCs of the addicted patients with methadone was significantly reduced compared to the control group, while the expression of 5HT2Ra and 5HT3Ra genes showed no change in the two groups.Conclusion: These results suggest that Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) may be moderated by 5HT2Ra and 5 HT3Ra serotonin receptors and returned to their previous efficacy, but MAOA was significantly reduced.

Identifying the Requirements and Functions of Ambidextrous Management of Sports Volunteers

Volunteers are valuable resources for sports organizations. Most of the sports organizations need to identify and employ the volunteers simultaneously in order to continue their activities. The present study made an effort to identify the requirements and functions of ambidextrous management of sports volunteers. Considering this aim, the meta-synthesis research method was used to carry out the study. More specifically, based on the process of the meta-synthesis research method, at the first stage, 312 papers were identified by searching the relevant databases. At the second phase, 55 papers were selected by screening the identified papers. Finally, the model of the study was developed by analyzing the selected papers. The model involved five ambidextrous requirement categories including the managerial, organizational, physical, strategic values, and motivational categories. Moreover, it comprised three ambidextrous function categories including empowering measures, opportunity-creating measures, and motivating measures categories. The sports managers can focus on the ambidextrous management requirements and the ambidextrous management functions including the empowering measures, opportunity-creating measures, and motivating measures in order to use the ambidextrous sports voltmeter management system and to exploit these human resources to achieve the goals of their organizations

The Loyalty, Trust and Word -of-Mouth in Sports Advertising: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose: This research aims to conduct a meta-analysis of the relationship of loyalty and trust on word-of-mouth advertising in sports.Methodology: The meta-analysis method was used to conduct this research. For this purpose, sixteen databases and two search engines analyzed all articles and theses published on the effects of trust and loyalty on word-of-mouth advertising in sports between 2002 and 2022. Finally, 18 articles were included in this study and were analyzed using CMA2 software, and the heterogeneity of the studies was determined by performing the q-value, I-squared, and tau-squared tests.Findings: The results showed that the effect size of trust and loyalty on word-of-mouth advertising was 0.30 and 0.29, respectively. Based on Cohen's interpretive system, this level of influence was evaluated as moderate, although these relationships were significant (P<005). Finally, using the tree diagram, the studies with a minor deviation in the effect size of the random model were identified and identified as more valuable research. Also, according to the FSN test regarding the effect of trust and loyalty on word-of-mouth advertising, it can be claimed that loyalty and trust positively affect word-of-mouth advertising. Therefore, it is suggested that sports managers give priority while maintaining the budget to create solutions that develop loyalty and trust in consumer sports products and services and focus on these issues.Originality: In this study, we determine the results of world sports studies regarding the effects of trust and loyalty on word-of-mouth advertising in the form of a general result using the meta-analysis method

THE STUDY OF SELF-CONCEPT BETWEEN VOLUNTEER AND NON-VOLUNTEER STUDENTS IN SPORT OF UNIVERSITIES

<p>Understanding personality characteristics of volunteers are important for their recruitment and retention in sport associations. This study compared self-concept as a personality characteristic between volunteer and non-volunteer students in sport associations. The method of this research was survey and descriptive. The statistical population consisted of volunteer and non-volunteer students in sport associations of Iran universities. Two hundred and fifty two students (120 volunteers and 132 non-volunteers) from 10 universities were selected as subjects by using random clustered sampling method. Pyryt and Mandaglio Self Perceived Survey (PMSPS) was used to collect the data. The content and face reliability of questionnaire was checked and confirmed. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the questionnaire (alfa=0.90). Independent t test and U Mann-Whitney test were used for comparison of the factors between volunteers and non-volunteers. Findings of this study indicated that there was a significant difference between volunteer and non-volunteer students in social and athletic self-concept. The mean of scientific and value factors were higher in volunteers than non-volunteers, however, they were not statistically significant. We concluded that the nature of sport (active) and sport volunteering (social) encourage students who have higher self-concept for volunteering. Moreover, the characteristics of sport associations can increase self-concept in sport volunteers.</p