Hormone Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Cultivated and Wild Tomato Seedlings under Low-Temperature Stress

Low temperature is a major limiting factor for the growth and reproduction of some plant species, such as tomato. So far, few studies have been conducted on the effects of low temperature, and the mechanisms of plants' response to this type of stress is not fully clear. In the current study, the effects of low, nonfreezing temperature (10 °C for three days) on the hormone content, antioxidant activity, and expression patterns of cold-related genes in the leaves of cold-tolerant species (Solanum habrochaites Accession 'LA1777′) and cold-susceptible species (Solanum lycopersicum cultivar 'Moneymaker') were investigated. Low temperature increased the abscisic acid (ABA) content in both tomato species, while the content of zeatin-type cytokinins (ZT) increased in the cold-tolerant species. However, the content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA) reduced in response to low temperature in susceptible species. Accordingly, cytokinin (CK) is identified as an important hormone associated with low-temperature stress in tomato. In addition, our results indicate that the C-repeat/DRE binding factor 1 (CBF1) gene is less induced in response to low temperature in tomato, although transcription of the inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1) gene was upregulated under low temperature in both tomato species. It seems that ICE1 may modulate cold-regulated (COR) genes in a CBF-independent way. In addition, in response to low temperature, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and membrane stability index (MSI) increased in the susceptible species, indicating that low temperature induces oxidative stress. Additionally, we found that glutathione peroxidase is highly involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging induced by low temperature, and antioxidants are more induced in tolerant species. Overall, our results suggest that sub-optimal temperatures promote oxidative stress in tomato and CK is introduced as a factor related to the response to low temperature that requires deeper attention in future breeding programs of tomato

Effects of VA mycorrhizae and drought on the physiology of maize and bean grown singly and intercropped

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Investigating the strategies for achieving repentance and its effect on justice

AbstractRepentance has worldly effects along with otherworldly effects. What has been studied in legal jurisprudential sources as the effect of repentance is exemption from punishment. But can a mere claim of repentance save the offender from punishment? And does repentance, which saves a person from punishment, lead to the return of justice to qualify as a judge or witness, etc.? This descriptive-analytical study shows that since true repentance requires becoming in the essence of the person, then the return of personal justice can be concluded as a desirable effect in whatever justice is a necessary condition. This manifestation of the attribute of immorality to justice is proved by following the rulings from real interests and corruptions, following the ruling from the subject, the rule of repelling possible harm, the rule of good and rational ugliness, and turning evil into good. Of course, the return of justice and the acceptance of the arguments of becoming are conditional on the attainment of true repentance by the claimant of repentance. This means that not every claim of repentance can be considered subject to these worldly effects. Rather, one's repentance must be attained by the competent authorities. Therefore, providing solutions for repentance for each of the crimes committed in Venice in general is one of the features of this article.Keywords: repentance, becoming, justice, limit, crime, repentance strateg