2,919 research outputs found
Definitional interpreters for higher-order programming languages
Abstract. Higher-order programming languages (i.e., languages in which procedures or labels can occur as values) are usually defined by interpreters that are themselves written in a programming language based on the lambda calculus (i.e., an applicative language such as pure LISP). Examples include McCarthyâs definition of LISP, Landinâs SECD machine, the Vienna definition of PL/I, Reynolds â definitions of GEDANKEN, and recent unpublished work by L. Morris and C. Wadsworth. Such definitions can be classified according to whether the interpreter contains higher-order functions, and whether the order of application (i.e., call by value versus call by name) in the defined language depends upon the order of application in the defining language. As an example, we consider the definition of a simple applicative programming language by means of an interpreter written in a similar language. Definitions in each of the above classifications are derived from one another by informal but constructive methods. The treatment of imperative features such as jumps and assignment is also discussed
The Meaning of Types From Intrinsic to Extrinsic Semantics
A definition of a typed language is said to be "intrinsic" if it assignsmeanings to typings rather than arbitrary phrases, so that ill-typedphrases are meaningless. In contrast, a definition is said to be "extrinsic"if all phrases have meanings that are independent of their typings,while typings represent properties of these meanings.For a simply typed lambda calculus, extended with recursion, subtypes,and named products, we give an intrinsic denotational semanticsand a denotational semantics of the underlying untyped language. Wethen establish a logical relations theorem between these two semantics,and show that the logical relations can be "bracketed" by retractionsbetween the domains of the two semantics. From these results, wederive an extrinsic semantics that uses partial equivalence relations
Energetic Impact of Jet Inflated Cocoons in Relaxed Galaxy Clusters
Jets from active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the cores of galaxy clusters have
the potential to be a major contributor to the energy budget of the
intracluster medium (ICM). To study the dependence of the interaction between
the AGN jets and the ICM on the parameters of the jets themselves, we present a
parameter survey of two-dimensional (axisymmetric) ideal hydrodynamic models of
back-to-back jets injected into a cluster atmosphere (with varying Mach numbers
and kinetic luminosities). We follow the passive evolution of the resulting
structures for several times longer than the active lifetime of the jet. The
simulations fall into roughly two classes, cocoon-bounded and non-cocoon
bounded sources. We suggest a correspondence between these two classes and the
Faranoff-Riley types. We find that the cocoon-bounded sources inject
significantly more entropy into the core regions of the ICM atmosphere, even
though the efficiency with which energy is thermalized is independent of the
morphological class. In all cases, a large fraction (50--80%) of the energy
injected by the jet ends up as gravitational potential energy due to the
expansion of the atmosphere.Comment: 12 pages, Accepted for publication in Ap
50 Years with the Chicks, 1901-1950, 1951
A 34-page booklet tracing the history of the Memphis Chicks (originally Chickasaws) baseball team from 1901 to 1951.https://digitalcommons.memphis.edu/speccoll-pub-shelby/1034/thumbnail.jp
Time-Delayed Subsidies: Interspecies Population Effects in Salmon
Cross-boundary nutrient inputs can enhance and sustain populations of organisms in nutrient-poor recipient ecosystems. For example, Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) can deliver large amounts of marine-derived nutrients to freshwater ecosystems through their eggs, excretion, or carcasses. This has led to the question of whether nutrients from one generation of salmon can benefit juvenile salmon from subsequent generations. In a study of 12 streams on the central coast of British Columbia, we found that the abundance of juvenile coho salmon was most closely correlated with the abundance of adult pink salmon from previous years. There was a secondary role for adult chum salmon and watershed size, followed by other physical characteristics of streams. Most of the coho sampled emerged in the spring, and had little to no direct contact with spawning salmon nutrients at the time of sampling in the summer and fall. A combination of techniques suggest that subsidies from spawning salmon can have a strong, positive, time-delayed influence on the productivity of salmon-bearing streams through indirect effects from previous spawning events. This is the first study on the impacts of nutrients from naturally-occurring spawning salmon on juvenile population abundance of other salmon species
Dynamic response of boundaryâlayer turbulence to oscillatory shear
The temporal response of a wellâdeveloped turbulent boundary layer to the superposition of oscillatory shear has been measured experimentally, over a wide range of frequencies. The response is primarily a periodic organization in magnitude of components of the turbulent velocity field at the forcing frequency. Oscillatory production of turbulence arises predominantly as a modulation of the mean production process in the parent boundary layer. Close to the wall, the relative phases of response of components of turbulent kinetic energy indicate that temporal redistribution of turbulent kinetic energy is driven by robust coherent motions of the underlying mean flow. The local directions of redistribution deduced from these measurements indicate a wall impingement (splatting) effect, consistent with characterizations from numerical simulation.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/70705/2/PFADEB-3-1-178-1.pd
Fully-Coupled Simulation of Cosmic Reionization. I: Numerical Methods and Tests
We describe an extension of the Enzo code to enable fully-coupled radiation
hydrodynamical simulation of inhomogeneous reionization in large cosmological volumes with thousands to millions of point sources. We
solve all dynamical, radiative transfer, thermal, and ionization processes
self-consistently on the same mesh, as opposed to a postprocessing approach
which coarse-grains the radiative transfer. We do, however, employ a simple
subgrid model for star formation which we calibrate to observations. Radiation
transport is done in the grey flux-limited diffusion (FLD) approximation, which
is solved by implicit time integration split off from the gas energy and
ionization equations, which are solved separately. This results in a faster and
more robust scheme for cosmological applications compared to the earlier
method. The FLD equation is solved using the hypre optimally scalable geometric
multigrid solver from LLNL. By treating the ionizing radiation as a grid field
as opposed to rays, our method is scalable with respect to the number of
ionizing sources, limited only by the parallel scaling properties of the
radiation solver. We test the speed and accuracy of our approach on a number of
standard verification and validation tests. We show by direct comparison with
Enzo's adaptive ray tracing method Moray that the well-known inability of FLD
to cast a shadow behind opaque clouds has a minor effect on the evolution of
ionized volume and mass fractions in a reionization simulation validation test.
We illustrate an application of our method to the problem of inhomogeneous
reionization in a 80 Mpc comoving box resolved with Eulerian grid
cells and dark matter particles.Comment: 32 pages, 23 figures. ApJ Supp accepted. New title and substantial
revisions re. v
X-ray Line Diagnostics of Hot Accretion Flows around Black Holes
We compute X-ray emission lines from thermal plasma in hot accretion flows.
We show that line profiles are strong probes of the gas dynamics, and we
present line-ratio diagnostics which are sensitive to the distribution of mass
with temperature in the flow. We show how these can be used to constrain the
run of density with radius, and the size of the hot region. We also present
diagnostics which are primarily sensitive to the importance of recombination
versus collisional ionization, and which could help discriminate ADAFs from
photoionization-dominated accretion disk coronae. We apply our results to the
Galactic center source Sagittarius A* and to the nucleus of M87. We find that
the brightest predicted lines are within the detection capability of current
-ray instruments.Comment: 16 pages, 1 table, 9 figures, accepted to Ap
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