Temperature and salinity tolerances of young Gulf of California grunion, Leuresthes sardina (Atheriniformes: Atherinidae)

Temperature and salinity tolerances were determined for laboratory-reared larval and juvenile Gulf of California grunion, Leuresthes sardina. The fish were hatched in the laboratory from artificially fertilized eggs obtained from spawning adults captured with a beach seine...

Client Participation: Central and Underinvestigated Elements of Intervention

Although client participation is central to psychosocial interventions, most investigations conceptualize and measure participation in rather crude ways. This review suggests that essential elements of treatment participation are largely unknown, links between participation and outcomes are not clear, and most investigations of influences on within-treatment variations in participation are based on outdated causal models. Drawing on literature on health and mental health care, this article develops a comprehensive conceptual model of treatment participation. It proposes an agenda for future research aimed at understanding participation phenomena in various contexts

Client Participation: Central and Underinvestigated Elements of Intervention

Although client participation is central to psychosocial interventions, most investigations conceptualize and measure participation in rather crude ways. This review suggests that essential elements of treatment participation are largely unknown, links between participation and outcomes are not clear, and most investigations of influences on within-treatment variations in participation are based on outdated causal models. Drawing on literature on health and mental health care, this article develops a comprehensive conceptual model of treatment participation. It proposes an agenda for future research aimed at understanding participation phenomena in various contexts

The President\u27s Powers as Commander-in-Chief Versus Congress\u27 War Power and Appropriations Power

This joint work explores a variety of viewpoints all centered around the War Powers Resolution and its application to the situation in the Persian Gulf

High-Energy X-ray Imaging of the Pulsar Wind Nebula MSH~15-52: Constraints on Particle Acceleration and Transport

We present the first images of the pulsar wind nebula (PWN) MSH 15-52 in the hard X-ray band (>8 keV), as measured with the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR). Overall, the morphology of the PWN as measured by NuSTAR in the 3-7 keV band is similar to that seen in Chandra high-resolution imaging. However, the spatial extent decreases with energy, which we attribute to synchrotron energy losses as the particles move away from the shock. The hard-band maps show a relative deficit of counts in the northern region towards the RCW 89 thermal remnant, with significant asymmetry. We find that the integrated PWN spectra measured with NuSTAR and Chandra suggest that there is a spectral break at 6 keV which may be explained by a break in the synchrotron-emitting electron distribution at ~200 TeV and/or imperfect cross calibration. We also measure spatially resolved spectra, showing that the spectrum of the PWN softens away from the central pulsar B1509-58, and that there exists a roughly sinusoidal variation of spectral hardness in the azimuthal direction. We discuss the results using particle flow models. We find non-monotonic structure in the variation with distance of spectral hardness within 50" of the pulsar moving in the jet direction, which may imply particle and magnetic-field compression by magnetic hoop stress as previously suggested for this source. We also present 2-D maps of spectral parameters and find an interesting shell-like structure in the NH map. We discuss possible origins of the shell-like structure and their implications.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Neglected Issues in Research on In-Home Services in Child Welfare: Final Report

This study considers several previously unexamined issues that affect the delivery and outcomes of intensive, in-home services for families of abused and neglected children. In this report, we present new, empirical data on parents\u27 and other primary caretakers\u27 readiness for change, their alliances (working relationships) with in-home services caseworkers, and the nature and extent of their substance use. we look at these issues--and at caretakers\u27 tendencies to give socially desirable responses--in relation to change over time in caretaker and family functioning, housing and economic conditions, social support, child well-being, the recurrence of child maltreatment, and out-of-home placement. Conducted as a supplement to a large evaluation of in-home services in child welfare (the Evaluation of Family Preservation and Reunification Services), our study includes 353 families who were referred for intensive family preservation services in Philadelphia county between March 1997 and June 1999. All of these families were the subject of at least one substantiated report of child abuse or neglect prior to referral. For purposes of the Evaluation of Family Preservation and Reunification Services (EFPRS), the families were randomly assigned to intensive, in-home family preservation services (FPS) or less intensive Services to Children in their Own Homes (SCOH). Longitudinal data were gathered by Westat, Inc. via interviews with primary caretakers and FPS/SCOH caseworkers, self-administered surveys of caseworkers and intake workers, and administrative databases. Interviews with caretakers were conducted at three points in time: within a few weeks of random assignment (Time 1), at approximately four months (Time 2), and at one year after random assignment (Time 3). Most of the primary caretakers in the study are African-American (81%) women (95%) who were unmarried (90%) and unemployed (83%). At the time of referral, their average age was 32 (the range is 19 to 78) and they had 3.4 children on average. More than half (53%) of the caretakers were the only adult in their household. Approximately 70% were receiving TANF at referral; hence, most had annual household incomes under $l0,000. At least 20% had difficulty buying food for their families and paying rent. Nearly 40% reported difficulty paying electric and heating bills and buying clothes for their children. FPS and SCOH caseworkers were predominately women (70%) and two-thirds were African-American. Almost half had some graduate-level education. On average, the caseworkers had 9 years of social work experience and 6 years of experience in child welfare. Unanticipated delays in the assignment of FPS and SCOH caseworkers to cases in the study affected service delivery and data collection. We encountered more problems than expected with missing data, particularly from caseworkers and on alliances

The Hard X-Ray View of the Young Supernova Remnant G1.9+0.3

NuSTAR observed G1.9+0.3, the youngest known supernova remnant in the Milky Way, for 350 ks and detected emission up to $\sim$30 keV. The remnant's X-ray morphology does not change significantly across the energy range from 3 to 20 keV. A combined fit between NuSTAR and CHANDRA shows that the spectrum steepens with energy. The spectral shape can be well fitted with synchrotron emission from a power-law electron energy distribution with an exponential cutoff with no additional features. It can also be described by a purely phenomenological model such as a broken power-law or a power-law with an exponential cutoff, though these descriptions lack physical motivation. Using a fixed radio flux at 1 GHz of 1.17 Jy for the synchrotron model, we get a column density of N$_{\rm H}$ = $(7.23\pm0.07) \times 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$, a spectral index of $\alpha=0.633\pm0.003$, and a roll-off frequency of $\nu_{\rm rolloff}=(3.07\pm0.18) \times 10^{17}$ Hz. This can be explained by particle acceleration, to a maximum energy set by the finite remnant age, in a magnetic field of about 10 $\mu$G, for which our roll-off implies a maximum energy of about 100 TeV for both electrons and ions. Much higher magnetic-field strengths would produce an electron spectrum that was cut off by radiative losses, giving a much higher roll-off frequency that is independent of magnetic-field strength. In this case, ions could be accelerated to much higher energies. A search for $^{44}$Ti emission in the 67.9 keV line results in an upper limit of $1.5 \times 10^{-5}$ $\,\mathrm{ph}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-2}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ assuming a line width of 4.0 keV (1 sigma).Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, accepted Ap