FUNCIÓN INTELECTUAL DE LA CAPACIDAD DE MEMORIA DE TRABAJO EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS: UN ESTUDIO DE CASO

The aim of the study was to describe the intellectual function of working memory capacity (WMC) in university students from a case study. The study was conducted from June to July 2022 and in a random probabilistic way, six research seed students belonging to the National University "San Luis Gonzaga" (Ica, Peru) were selected. The WMC analysis was through two types of didactic games (DG) with different degrees of complexity: 1st) Divinance of colored cubes and 2nd) marking and recognition of three sea shells between a total number of 100 shells. Each DG was replicated twice being the first for stimulation of mental concentration in the face of the WMC analysis. The DG were replicated twice and in the case of the second the immediate time (s) of recognition was measured where the comparison of the medians was, through the U-Whitney test. It was observed that the time of each replica and the coincidence error in the DG of the marking and recognition of the three shells was: U = 11.0 and p = 0.25. Although the coincidence error decreased in replica 2 and denoted higher CMT. It is concluded that the intellectual function of the CMT is possible from the JD, since they represent an emotional stimulus. However, practices are needed that improve learning and particularly, from observation to understanding about objects to be selected.El objetivo del estudio fue describir la función intelectual de la capacidad de memoria de trabajo (CMT) en estudiantes universitarios desde un caso de estudio. Se realizó, el estudio de junio a julio de 2022 y de forma probabilística aleatoria se seleccionaron, seis estudiantes de semilleros de investigación que pertenecen a la Universidad Nacional “San Luis Gonzaga” (Ica, Perú). El análisis de la CMT fue mediante dos tipos de juegos didácticos (JD) con diferentes grados de complejidad: 1ro) adivinanza de cubos de colores y 2do) marcaje y reconocimiento de tres conchas de mar entre un número total de 100 conchas. Cada JD se replicó dos veces siendo preparatorio el primero para la estimulación de la concentración mental ante el análisis de la CMT. Los JD se replicaron dos veces y en caso del segundo se midió el tiempo (s) inmediato de reconocimiento donde la comparación de las medianas fue, a través de la prueba U de Mann-Whitney. Se observó, que el tiempo de cada réplica y el error de coincidencia en el JD del marcaje y reconocimiento de las tres conchas fue: U = 11,0 y p = 0,25. Aunque, disminuyó el error de coincidencia en la réplica 2 y denotó mayor CMT. Se concluye, que la función intelectual de la CMT se posibilita desde los JD, pues representan un estímulo emocional. Sin embargo, se necesitan prácticas que mejoren el aprendizaje y particularmente, desde la observación para la comprensión sobre objetos a seleccionarse

Uso y desecho de medicamentos del botiquín familiar desde la educación ambiental

The objective of the study was to describe the use and disposal of medicines from the family medicine cabinet from the perspective of environmental education. The study was conducted from January to October 2022 with 72 students of the Pharmacy and Biochemistry academic program of the Universidad Nacional “San Luis Gonzaga”, Ica, Peru. A virtual survey was applied using Google form with nine questions where the descriptive statistician was the relative trend analysis of the percentage. Storage in the medicine cabinet represented the highest percentage: 46.94%. The 10.20% of students did not know that medicines contaminate and 18.37% did not know that medicine wastes are harmful to health when consumed by animals and transferred to humans. A total of 6.12% of the students did not know that there are medicine containers and 14.29% of the students disposed of medicines inappropriately at home, where the highest percentage of disposal was for expiration and non-consumption: 46.94%. Annual disposal was the highest percentage (42.86%) and is produced by crushing (95.92%), where antibacterials were the therapeutic group with the highest frequency of disposal (46.95%) and antibiotics the lowest (2.04%). It is concluded that it is necessary to implement an environmental education on the disposal and elimination of medicines from the family medicine cabinet for university students, since there was a lack of knowledge about their storage, elimination and impact on public health and the environment.El objetivo del estudio fue describir el uso y desecho de medicamentos del botiquín familiar desde la educación ambiental. El estudio se realizó de enero a octubre de 2022 con 72 estudiantes del programa académico de Farmacia y Bioquímica de la Universidad Nacional “San Luis Gonzaga”, Ica, Perú. Se aplicó, una encuesta virtual mediante “Google form” con nueve preguntas donde el estadígrafo descriptivo fue el análisis de tendencia relativa del porcentaje. El almacenamiento en el botiquín representó el mayor porcentaje: 46,94%. El 10,20% de los estudiantes, desconoce que los medicamentos contaminan y el 18,37%, tampoco conoce qué los desechos de medicamentos al consumirse por animales y transferirse al humano dañan la salud. El 6,12% de los estudiantes, no conoce que existen contenedores de medicamentos y se registró que el 14,29% los elimina inadecuadamente en el hogar donde el mayor porcentaje de eliminación fue para el vencimiento y no consumo: 46,94%. La eliminación anual fue el porcentaje mayor (42,86%) y se produce por trituración (95,92%), donde los antibacterianos fueron el grupo terapéutico con mayor frecuencia de eliminación (46,95%) y los antibióticos el menor (2,04%). Se concluye, que se requiere implementar una educación ambiental ante la disposición y desecho de medicamentos del botiquín familiar para los estudiantes universitarios, pues existió desconocimiento desde su almacenamiento, eliminación e impacto a la salud pública y el medio ambiente

DECISIÓN FORMATIVA COMO ELEMENTO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA DESDE LA CONCEPTUALIZACIÓN ESTADÍSTICA Y CIENCIA DE DATOS: LO OBVIO, NO TAN OBVIO

The purpose of the study was to describe the need in decision making from the conceptualized training between Statistics and Data Science. Four elements are key in science: theory, data, methodology and problem, because if the data is part of science then it seems wrong that there is a Data Science, since no methodology from Data Science can decide, the “ideal or correct” pattern since there are multiple patterns to be understood. On the other hand, if the statistical programs are incapable of analyzing hundreds of thousands of data (it makes no sense when decisions are recognized from a random probabilistic sample and, on the contrary, not considered makes it impossible to make inferences), then the possibility of representing diversity from Statistics is limited, since there is a centralization in minimizing the sums of the deviations to the mean square and not understanding the diversity that Data Science performs. It is concluded that Statistics adds to reliability and validity, while Data Science allows the development of methodologies that condition the incorporation of technologies where it is difficult to unmark the barrier between Statistics and Data Science, because on some occasions they are indistinct from each other and in other cases an association is shared. Therefore, mastery of data processing from Statistics and machine learning facilitated by Data Science is required for the decision, but there must be training in both fields of study. Keywords: data science – decisions – professional competence – statisticsEl propósito del estudio fue describir la necesidad en la toma de decisiones desde la formación conceptualizada entre la Estadística y Ciencia de Datos. Cuatro elementos son claves en la ciencia: teoría, datos, metodología y problema, por cuanto, si los datos forman parte de la ciencia entonces, parece erróneo que exista una Ciencia de Datos, pues ninguna metodología desde la Ciencia de Datos puede decidir, el patrón “ideal o correcto” dado que existen múltiples patrones a comprenderse. Por su parte, si los programas estadísticos son incapaces de analizar cientos de miles de datos (carece de sentido al reconocerse las decisiones desde una muestra probabilística aleatoria y, por el contrario, no considerarse imposibilita hacer inferencias), entonces la posibilidad de representar la diversidad desde la Estadística es limitada, ya que existe una centralización en minimizar las sumas de las desviaciones al cuadrado medio y no comprender la diversidad que realiza la Ciencia de Datos. Se concluye, que la Estadística suma a la confiabilidad y validez, mientras que la Ciencia de Datos permite el desarrollo de metodologías que condicionan a la incorporación de tecnologías donde resulta difícil desmarcar la barrera entre la Estadística y la Ciencia de Datos, pues en algunas ocasiones son indistintas entre sí y en otros casos se comparte una asociación. Por tanto, el dominio del tratamiento de los datos desde la Estadística y el aprendizaje automático que facilita la Ciencia de Datos se requiere para la decisión, pero debe existir la formación en ambos campos de estudio. Palabras clave: ciencia de datos – competencia profesional – decisiones – estadístic

MODALIDAD DEL SEMILLERO DE INVESTIGACIÓN COMO TRABAJO EXTRACURRICULAR EN LA FORMACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA

The purpose of the study was to describe the modality of the research hotbed as extracurricular work in university education. From June to September 2021, the research hotbed project "Formando y Formando" was carried out for teachers and students of the Universidad Nacional "San Luis Gonzaga", Ica, Peru. The academic areas that participated were: Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, as well as Dentistry where the students corresponded to the academic cycles of 1st, 6th and 8th. Three levels of training instructions were considered: 1st) identification of what to do, 2nd) execution of what to do and 3rd), communication of what to do. The research seedbed (SI) was carried out from the extracurricular work in university education (TEFU) through a development model that consisted of five instructions: title, introduction, objectives, measurement and proposed improvement according to the undesired situation. It was observed that upon completion of the TEFU development model in the SI, the students were able to complete the proposed activities, according to the planning where there was a demonstration of creative learning and team exchange. It is concluded that the hotbed of research as extracurricular work in university education allowed university students to acquire skills, academic commitment from their training and consolidate teamwork. Keywords: academic performance – extracurricular activity – hotbed of research – trainingEl propósito del estudio fue describir la modalidad del semillero de investigación como trabajo extracurricular en la formación universitaria. Desde junio hasta septiembre de 2021 se realizó, el proyecto del semillero de investigación ¨Formándose y Formando¨ para los docentes y estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional ¨San Luis Gonzaga¨, Ica, Perú. Las áreas académicas que participaron fueron: Farmacia y Bioquímica, Ingeniería Ambiental y Sanitaria, así como Odontología donde los estudiantes correspondieron a los ciclos académicos de 1ro, 6to y 8vo. se consideró tres niveles de instrucciones formativas: 1ro) identificación del qué hacer, 2do) ejecución del qué hacer y 3ro), comunicación del qué hacer. El semillero de investigación (SI) se realizó desde el trabajo extracurricular en la formación universitaria (TEFU) mediante un modelo de desarrollo que consistió en cinco instrucciones: título, introducción, objetivos, medición y mejora propuesta según la situación no deseada. Se observó, que al completarse el modelo de desarrollo del TEFU en el SI, los estudiantes fueron capaces de completar las actividades propuestas, según la planificación donde existió la demostración del aprendizaje creativo y el intercambio en equipo. Se concluye, que el semillero de investigación como trabajo extracurricular en la formación universitaria permitió en los estudiantes universitarios la adquisición de habilidades, el compromiso académico desde su formación y la consolidar el trabajo en equipo. Palabras clave: actividad extracurricular – desempeño académico – formación – semillero de investigació

Efficacy and safety of the CVnCoV SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate in ten countries in Europe and Latin America (HERALD): a randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 trial

Background: Additional safe and efficacious vaccines are needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to analyse the efficacy and safety of the CVnCoV SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate. Methods: HERALD is a randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 clinical trial conducted in 47 centres in ten countries in Europe and Latin America. By use of an interactive web response system and stratification by country and age group (18–60 years and ≥61 years), adults with no history of virologically confirmed COVID-19 were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive intramuscularly either two 0·6 mL doses of CVnCoV containing 12 μg of mRNA or two 0·6 mL doses of 0·9% NaCl (placebo) on days 1 and 29. The primary efficacy endpoint was the occurrence of a first episode of virologically confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 of any severity and caused by any strain from 15 days after the second dose. For the primary endpoint, the trial was considered successful if the lower limit of the CI was greater than 30%. Key secondary endpoints were the occurrence of a first episode of virologically confirmed moderate-to-severe COVID-19, severe COVID-19, and COVID-19 of any severity by age group. Primary safety outcomes were solicited local and systemic adverse events within 7 days after each dose and unsolicited adverse events within 28 days after each dose in phase 2b participants, and serious adverse events and adverse events of special interest up to 1 year after the second dose in phase 2b and phase 3 participants. Here, we report data up to June 18, 2021. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04652102, and EudraCT, 2020–003998–22, and is ongoing. Findings: Between Dec 11, 2020, and April 12, 2021, 39 680 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either CVnCoV (n=19 846) or placebo (n=19 834), of whom 19 783 received at least one dose of CVnCoV and 19 746 received at least one dose of placebo. After a mean observation period of 48·2 days (SE 0·2), 83 cases of COVID-19 occurred in the CVnCoV group (n=12 851) in 1735·29 person-years and 145 cases occurred in the placebo group (n=12 211) in 1569·87 person-years, resulting in an overall vaccine efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 of 48·2% (95·826% CI 31·0–61·4; p=0·016). Vaccine efficacy against moderate-to-severe COVID-19 was 70·7% (95% CI 42·5–86·1; CVnCoV 12 cases in 1735·29 person-years, placebo 37 cases in 1569·87 person-years). In participants aged 18–60 years, vaccine efficacy against symptomatic disease was 52·5% (95% CI 36·2–64·8; CVnCoV 71 cases in 1591·47 person-years, placebo, 136 cases in 1449·23 person-years). Too few cases occurred in participants aged 61 years or older (CVnCoV 12, placebo nine) to allow meaningful assessment of vaccine efficacy. Solicited adverse events, which were mostly systemic, were more common in CVnCoV recipients (1933 [96·5%] of 2003) than in placebo recipients (1344 [67·9%] of 1978), with 542 (27·1%) CVnCoV recipients and 61 (3·1%) placebo recipients reporting grade 3 solicited adverse events. The most frequently reported local reaction after any dose in the CVnCoV group was injection-site pain (1678 [83·6%] of 2007), with 22 grade 3 reactions, and the most frequently reported systematic reactions were fatigue (1603 [80·0%] of 2003) and headache (1541 [76·9%] of 2003). 82 (0·4%) of 19 783 CVnCoV recipients reported 100 serious adverse events and 66 (0·3%) of 19 746 placebo recipients reported 76 serious adverse events. Eight serious adverse events in five CVnCoV recipients and two serious adverse events in two placebo recipients were considered vaccination-related. None of the fatal serious adverse events reported (eight in the CVnCoV group and six in the placebo group) were considered to be related to study vaccination. Adverse events of special interest were reported for 38 (0·2%) participants in the CVnCoV group and 31 (0·2%) participants in the placebo group. These events were considered to be related to the trial vaccine for 14 (<0·1%) participants in the CVnCoV group and for five (<0·1%) participants in the placebo group. Interpretation: CVnCoV was efficacious in the prevention of COVID-19 of any severity and had an acceptable safety profile. Taking into account the changing environment, including the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, and timelines for further development, the decision has been made to cease activities on the CVnCoV candidate and to focus efforts on the development of next-generation vaccine candidates. Funding: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and CureVac

Evolution over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients with Neurologic Disease∗

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p &lt; 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p &lt; 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p &lt; 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease