Efficient Transendothelial Migration of Latently HIV-1-Infected Cells

A small fraction of HIV-1-infected T cells forms populations of latently infected cells when they are a naive T-cell subset or in transit to a resting memory state. Latently HIV-1-infected cells reside in lymphoid tissues and serve as viral reservoirs. However, whether they systemically recirculate in the body and re-enter the lymphoid nodes are unknown. Here, we employed two in-vitro cell coculture systems mimicking the lymphatic endothelium in lymph nodes and investigated the homing potential, specifically the transendothelial migration (TEM), of two latently HIV-1-infected cell lines (J1.1 and ACH-2). In trans-well coculture systems, J1.1 and ACH-2 showed higher TEM efficiencies than their parental uninfected and acutely infected cells. The efficiency of TEM was enhanced by the presence of stromal cells, such as HS-5 and fibroblastic reticular cells. In an in-vitro reconstituted, three-dimensional coculture system in which stromal cells are embedded in collagen matrices, J1.1 showed slightly higher TEM efficiency in the presence of HS-5. In accordance with these phenotypes, latently infected cells adhered to the endothelial cells more efficiently than uninfected cells. Together, our study showed that latently HIV-1-infected cells enhanced cell adhesion and TEM abilities, suggesting their potential for efficient homing to lymph nodes

How Does Defect Removal Activity of Developer Vary with Development Experience?

Abstract-Because developers significantly impact software development projects, many researchers have studied developers as a means to improve the quality of software. However, most works have examined developers in a single project, and research involving multiple projects has yet to be published. Herein we propose an analysis method which investigates whether an evaluation of developers based on individual experience is feasible when targeting more than one project by the same organization transversely. Our method deals with the logs of the version control system and the bug tracking system. To support this method, we also propose two models to evaluate developer, the defect removal overhead rate (DROR) and developer's experience point (EXP). The results reveal the following. 1) DROR cannot be used to compare different projects in the same organization. 2) There is certainly a difference in DROR's between experienced and inexperienced developers. 3) EXP should be a useful model to evaluate developers as the number of projects increases. The data obtained from our method should propose the personnel distribution measures within the development framework for future developments, which might lead to improve the quality of software

A New Corrosion Sensor to Determine the Start and Development of Embedded Rebar Corrosion Process at Coastal Concrete

The corrosion of reinforcements induced by chloride has resulted to be one of the most frequent causes of their premature damage. Most corrosion sensors were designed to monitor corrosion state in concrete, such as Anode-Ladder-System and Corrowatch System, which are widely used to monitor chloride ingress in marine concrete. However, the monitoring principle of these corrosion sensors is based on the macro-cell test method, so erroneous information may be obtained, especially from concrete under drying or saturated conditions due to concrete resistance taking control in macro-cell corrosion. In this paper, a fast weak polarization method to test corrosion state of reinforcements based on electrochemical polarization dynamics was proposed. Furthermore, a new corrosion sensor for monitoring the corrosion state of concrete cover was developed based on the proposed test method. The sensor was tested in cement mortar, with dry-wet cycle tests to accelerate the chloride ingress rate. The results show that the corrosion sensor can effectively monitor chloride penetration into concrete with little influence of the relative humidity in the concrete. With a reasonable corrosion sensor electrode arrangement, it seems the Ohm-drop effect measured by EIS can be ignored, which makes the tested electrochemical parameters more accurate