Framing the Iraq War. A Cross-National Comparison of Newspaper Framing in Four Western Countries

In this paper we compare the newspaper attention for and framingof the Iraq issue in four Western countries (US, UK, Germany and theNetherlands) during the period September 2002 until August 2003.Using computer assisted coding based on wordlists constructed byhuman coders, we analyzed more than 70,000 articles from 12 news-papers. We pose the question how framing differs across countries,time and newspapers. Our results confirm the vast majority of ourhypotheses and demonstrate that the national political context, thepolitical leaning of newspapers and the stage of the conflict canaccount for a large amount of the variation in the attention for theissue and in the way it is presented

European audiovisual media policy in the age of global video on demand services: A case study of Netflix in the Netherlands

This article considers the provisions in the European Union's revised Audiovisual Media Services Directive concerning video on demand (VOD) services and the effectiveness of supply-side cultural diversity regulations in achieving their purported policy goals of increased production and consumption of European works. Because the Netherlands is the 'country of origin' to several multinational VOD services, including Netflix, we conducted a case study of this specific national context. We examine the quota for and prominence of European works, as well as different forms of financial obligations. We find that the former two policy tools may require new strategies to effectively reach their objectives in a nonlinear context. Our evidence also indicates that the latter remains controversial in the domestic audiovisual industry, as stakeholder positions are dependent on the type(s) of production stimulated. Based on this, we argue that securing the independence of producers and ensuring VOD services are transparent with respect to performance data are essential to promoting source diversity and a sustainable value chain

How advertising in offline media drives reach of and engagement with brands on Facebook

Research investigating the drivers of consumers’ engagement with brands on social media is proliferating. However, little is known about how advertising outside social media drives engagement with brands on social media. This study aims to explore the relation between advertising spend in different offline media (TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, out of home), and reach of and engagement with brand pages on Facebook. The study uses a unique real-life data-set containing information about the Facebook pages of 45 brands for approximately three years combined with Nielsen Advertising Spend data. Results showed that while advertising in offline media influenced organic and viral reach, the number of page likes was directly influenced by advertising on Facebook only. It can be concluded that offline advertising is relevant in driving consumers’ online brand engagement; however, there is a unique set of drivers for organic reach, viral reach and likes

Framing immigration and integration: Relationships between press and parliament in the Netherlands

This article examines how the salience and framing of political issues in the press and in parliament influence each other and how this salience and framing is influenced by key events outside the media and parliamentary realms. The case focused on is the debate on immigration and integration in the Netherlands between 1995 and 2004. The empirical analyses are based on a computer-assisted content analysis of both parliamentary documents and newspaper articles. Results show bidirectional causal relationships between media and parliament. In the case of salience only long-term influence relationships are found, while framing influences follow an interesting pattern: an increase in the use of a frame in one arena leads to an increase in the other arena only if this frame has already been used regularly in the latter arena. External events have more considerable and consistent impact on issue salience and framing in both arenas. Copyright © 2007 Sage Publications

Community Service: Editor pride and user preference on local newspaper websites

Armed with readily accessible online traffic logs that provide detailed information about the items users are selecting to view, editors are voicing concern about the potential effect on their own content decisions. Through a survey of local British newspaper editors, this article examines the overlap between user preferences, as suggested by assessments of website traffic, and content that editors identify as their best. Results are considered in the context of two related subsets of agenda-setting theory, as well as the sociological process of “making news.” The study finds overlap between broad categories of stories preferred by editors and users, but a considerable disconnect over the nature of the items within those categories

Analyzing comparative data : Opportunities and challenges

As the previous chapters have shown, comparative communication research comes in many forms, and the data obtained from comparative research can differ greatly. Choosing the most appropriate strategy for data analysis is often not an easy task and depends almost completely on the characteristics of the data at hand and the research questions the research seeks to answer. What data obtained within a comparative research design share, however, is that regular (statistical) techniques usually do not suffice. Researchers in the field of communication science have only recently started to consider and discuss the particularities of a comparative research design (see, for example, Esser & Pfetsch, 2004; Strömbäck & Kaid, 2008). This Handbook is an example of the progress that has been made in this area during recent years. In those attempts, communication scholars have looked extensively at neighboring research fields such as political science, organization sciences, sociology, and social psychology. Here, a longer tradition in conducting comparative research exists. In those fields also the statistical techniques that are being used have been further developed. In this chapter I will discuss relevant insights from those areas, but will always devote attention to their applicability within the field of communication science

Moving up. Applying aggregate level time series analysis in the study of media coverage

In this article the advantages of aggregate level time series analysis for the study of media coverage are discussed. This type of analysis offers the opportunity to answer questions relating to causes and effects of media attention for issues and all kind of other content characteristics. Data that ask for a time series approach have become widely available during the past years, due to the rise of digital archives and social media such as Twitter and Facebook. This type of analysis allows for answering a set of interesting research questions and strong inferences about causal processes. Common challenges in time series analysis, relating to stationarity, accounting for a series' past and autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity are discussed. Two useful approaches, ARIMA and VAR, are introduced stepwise. An empirical example, dealing with intermedia agenda-setting between different newspapers in the Netherlands, demonstrates how both techniques can be applied and how they provide insightful answers to interesting research problems

Agenda-Setting Effects of Climate Change Litigation : Interrelations Across Issue Levels, Media, and Politics in the Case of Urgenda Against the Dutch Government

An increasing number of climate lawsuits worldwide address responsibilities of climate change mitigation or adaptation. Yet, we know little about wider socio-political consequences of climate change litigation. This study focusses on the successful case of Urgenda vs. the Netherlands, which has created precedence for similar lawsuits against governments in other countries. Following theories of intra-media and political agenda setting, we analyze interactions between media attention (newspaper articles) and political attention (parliamentary questions) for the Urgenda case and higher-level issues, namely climate policy and climate change in general. Employing Vector Autoregression models we find that media attention for the lawsuit led to greater parliamentary attention. Moreover, we find bottom-up agenda-setting effects with media attention for the case influencing greater media and political attention for climate policies. This study reveals that climate litigation can have indirect consequences beyond the court ruling with media attention for a lawsuit as a crucial vantage point