Survey of York University 1976-78 Bachelor's Degree Graduates in Psychology Located in Greater Toronto

A survey was made of 325 graduates who obtained a Bachelor's degree in psychology between 1976-78. It was found that (a) 73.5% of the alumni were in the labour force, with the majority working in either parapsychological jobs, teaching, or business management; (bj the average salaries of the men and women were $14,610 and$12,020, respectively; (c) the unemployment rates for men and women were 9.8% and 6.1%; (d/ these rates were elevated by the rates for the 1978 graduates; and (e) 41.8% of the graduates went on to further training. The results are discussed in terms of the relevance of the Bachelor's degree in today's marketplace, and in terms of university programming in undergraduate edu- cation in psychology.Un sondage fut effectué sur 325 diplômé en psychologie ayant reçu leur baccalauréat (B.A.) entre 1976-1978 à York University. Les résultats ont indiqué que (a) 73.5% des diplômés étaient déjà sur le marché du travail où la majorité oeuvraient dans des emplois para-psychologiques, dans l'enseignement ou dans la gestion des affaires; (b) le salaire moyen était de $14,610 pour les hommes et de$12,020 pour les femmes; (cj les taux de chômage étaient de 9.8% et 6.1% respectivement chez les hommes et les femmes; (d) ces taux étaient particulièrement élevés pour les diplômés de l'année 1978; etfej 41.8%des diplômés avaient entrepris une formation subséquente. Une analyse fut également con-duite au sujet de la demande qui existe actuellement sur le marché du travail pour un baccalauréat ainsi qu'à propos du développement des programmes d'études universitaires en psychologie au niveau du premier cycle

Die Methodologie der Grounded Theory als methodische Hermeneutik: zur Versöhnung von Realismus und Relativismus

'Dieser Beitrag geht davon aus, dass die Dualität zwischen Realismus und Relativismus, auf die die Methode der Grounded Theory in der qualitativen Forschung verweist, am besten Berücksichtigung findet, wenn diese Methode als ein induktiver Zugang zur Hermeneutik verstanden wird. Phänomenologie, C. S. Peirce's Theorie des Schließens, philosophische Hermeneutik, Pragmatismus und Neue Rhetorik werden als Unterstützung für dieses Argument herangezogen. Es wird außerdem angenommen, dass das vorgeschlagene Verständnis der Methode der Grounded Theory die Möglichkeit eröffnet, bisherige Ansätze der methodischen Hermeneutik zu verbessern. Als ein Ergebnis dieser Formulierung erscheint die Debatte um Validität und Reliabilität der mit dem Grounded Theory Ansatz gewonnenen Ergebnisse in einem neuen Licht. Die neue methodische Hermeneutik wird diskutiert im Zusammenhang mit früheren Versuchen der Verknüpfung von Hermeneutik und Methode.' (Autorenreferat)'In this article it is argued that the realism-relativism duality addressed by the grounded theory approach to qualitative research is best accounted for when the method is understood to be an inductive approach to hermeneutics. Phenomenology, C. S. Peirce's theory of inference, philosophical hermeneutics, pragmatism, and the new rhetoric are drawn upon in support of this argument. It is also held that this formulation of the grounded theory method opens the possibility that the method improves on earlier approaches to methodical hermeneutics. As an outcome of this formulation, the debate on the validity and reliability of returns from the grounded theory approach is cast in a new light. The new methodical hermeneutics is discussed in terms of prior attempts to relate hermeneutics to method.' (author's abstract)

Nachvollziehbarer Konstruktionismus als Prüfstein qualitativer Forschung

Ausgehend von der Annahme, dass in der qualitativen Forschung Bewusstsein und Erfahrung des Menschen weder rein fundamentalistisch noch rein relativistisch erfasst werden können und dass die Interpretation des dem Forscher Mitgeteilten ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der qualitativen Forschung ist, wird deutlich gemacht, dass die Konstruktion des Forschers bezüglich des untersuchten Phänomenbereichs mit einer vom Rezipienten nachvollziehbaren Methode kontrolliert werden können muss. Begründungen in der Materialbasis und in der Reflexion des Forschers über seine subjektiven Anteile bei Interpretation und Verstehen der Phänomene werden als unerlässliche Voraussetzungen der qualitativen Forschung bezeichnet. Es wird für eine Versöhnung von Realismus und Relativismus plädiert, um die Fehler von Objektivismus einerseits und Subjektivismus andererseits umgehen zu können

Substrate utilization during exercise performed with and without glucose ingestion in female and male endurance trained athletes

Compared to males, females oxidize proportionately more fat and less carbohydrate during endurance exercise performed in the fasted state. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that there may also be gender differences in exogenous carbohydrate (CHOexo) oxidation during exercise. Healthy, young males (n = 7) and females (n = 7) each completed 2 exercise trials (90 min cycle ergometry at 60% VO[sub2peak]), 1 week apart. Females were eumenorrheic and were tested in the midfollicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Subjects drank intermittently either 8% CHOexo (1 g glucose &sdot; kg &sdot; h[sup-1]) enriched with U-13C glucose or an artificially sweetened placebo during the trial. Whole-body substrate oxidation was determined from PER, urinary urea excretion, and the ratio of 13C:12C in expired gas during the final 60 min of exercise. During the placebo trial, fat oxidation was higher in females than in males (0.42 &plusmn; 0.07 vs. 0.32 &plusmn; 0.09 g &sdot; min[sup-1] . kg LBM[sup-1] x 10[sup-2]) at 30 min of exercise (p &lt; .05). When averaged over the final 60 min of exercise, the relative proportions of fat, total carbohydrate, and protein were similar between groups. During CHOexo ingestion, both the ratio of 13C: 12C in expired gas (p &lt; .05) and the proportion of energy derived from CHOexo relative to LBM (p &lt; .05) were higher in females compared to males at 75- and 90-min exercise. When averaged over the final 60 min of exercise, the percentage of CHOexo to the total energy contribution tended to be higher in females (14.3 + 1.2%) than in males (11.2 &plusmn; 1.2%; p = .09). The reduction in endogenous CHO oxidation with CHOexo intake was also greater in females (12.9 &plusmn; 3.1%) than in males (5.1 &plusmn; 2.0%; p = .05). Compared to males, females may oxidize a greater relative proportion of CHOexo during endurance exercise which, in turn, may spare more endogenous fuel. Based on these observations, ingested carbohydrate may be a particularly beneficial source of fuel during endurance exercise for females.<br /

Reductions in radiographic progression in early RA over 25-years: changing contribution from RF in 2 multi-centre UK inception cohorts

Objectives: To assess 5-year progression of erosions and Joint Space Narrowing (JSN), and their associations with RF status in two large, multi-centre early-RA cohorts spanning 25-years. Methods: Radiographic joint damage was recorded using the Sharp/van der Heijde (SvdH) method in the Early RA Study (ERAS) 1986-2001, and the Early RA Network (ERAN) 2002-2013. Mixed-effects negative-binomial regression estimated changes in radiographic damage over 5-years, including erosions and JSN separately. Rheumatoid Factor (RF), along with age, sex and baseline markers of disease activity were controlled for. Results: 1,216 patients from ERAS and 446 from ERAN had radiographic data. Compared to ERAS, ERAN patients had a lower mean total SvdH score at baseline (ERAN=6.2 vs. ERAS=10.5, p<0.001), and mean annual rate of change (ERAN=2.5 vs. ERAS=6.9 per year, p<0.001). 74% of ERAS and 27% of ERAN patients progressed ≥5 units. Lower scores at baseline in ERAN were largely driven by reductions in JSN (ERAS=3.9 vs. ERAN=1.2, p<0.001), along with erosions (ERAS=1.9 vs. ERAN=0.8, p<0.001). RF was associated with greater progression in each cohort, but the absolute difference in mean annual rate of change for RF positive patients was substantially higher for ERAS (RF+= 8.6 vs. RF-= 5.1, p<0.001), relative to ERAN (RF+= 2.0 vs. RF-= 1.9, p=0.855). Conclusion: Radiographic progression has significantly reduced between the two cohorts, associated with lower baseline damage and other factors, including changes in early DMARD use. The impact of RF status as a prognostic marker of clinically meaningful change in radiographic progression has markedly diminished in the context of more modern treatment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Practical and Ethical Concerns in Implementing Enhanced Surveillance Methods to Improve Continuity of HIV Care: Qualitative Expert Stakeholder Study

BACKGROUND: Retention in HIV care is critical to maintaining viral suppression and preventing further transmission, yet less than 50% of people living with HIV in the United States are engaged in care. All US states have a funding mandate to implement Data-to-Care (D2C) programs, which use surveillance data (eg, laboratory, Medicaid billing) to identify out-of-care HIV-positive persons and relink them to treatment. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify and describe practical and ethical considerations that arise in planning for and implementing D2C. METHODS: Via purposive sampling, we recruited 43 expert stakeholders-including ethicists, privacy experts, researchers, public health personnel, HIV medical providers, legal experts, and community advocates-to participate in audio-recorded semistructured interviews to share their perspectives on D2C. Interview transcripts were analyzed across a priori and inductively derived thematic categories. RESULTS: Stakeholders reported practical and ethical concerns in seven key domains: permission and consent, government assistance versus overreach, privacy and confidentiality, stigma, HIV exceptionalism, criminalization, and data integrity and sharing. CONCLUSIONS: Participants expressed a great deal of support for D2C, yet also stressed the role of public trust and transparency in addressing the practical and ethical concerns they identified

Expert stakeholders’ perspectives on a Data-to-Care strategy for improving care among HIV-positive individuals incarcerated in jails

Data-to-Care (D2C) uses surveillance data (e.g., laboratory, Medicaid billing) to identify out-of-care HIV-positive persons to re-link them to care. Most US states are implementing D2C, yet few studies have explored stakeholders’ perspectives on D2C, and none have addressed these perspectives in the context of D2C in jail. This article reports findings from qualitative, semi-structured interviews conducted with expert stakeholders regarding their perspectives on the ethical challenges of utilizing D2C to understand and improve continuity of care among individuals incarcerated in jails. Participants included 47 professionals with expertise in ethics and privacy, public health and HIV care, the criminal justice system, and community advocacy. While participants expressed a great deal of support for extending D2C to jails, they also identified many possible risks. Stakeholders discussed many issues specific to D2C in jails, such as heightened stigma in the jail setting, the need for training of jail staff and additional non-medical community-based resources, and the high priority of this vulnerable population. Many experts suggested that the actual likelihood of benefits and harms would depend on contextual details. Implementation of D2C in jails may require novel strategies to minimize risk of disclosing out-of-care patients’ HIV status

Consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards (CHEERS) statement

&lt;p&gt;Economic evaluations of health interventions pose a particular challenge for reporting. There is also a need to consolidate and update existing guidelines and promote their use in a user friendly manner. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement is an attempt to consolidate and update previous health economic evaluation guidelines efforts into one current, useful reporting guidance. The primary audiences for the CHEERS statement are researchers reporting economic evaluations and the editors and peer reviewers assessing them for publication.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The need for new reporting guidance was identified by a survey of medical editors. A list of possible items based on a systematic review was created. A two round, modified Delphi panel consisting of representatives from academia, clinical practice, industry, government, and the editorial community was conducted. Out of 44 candidate items, 24 items and accompanying recommendations were developed. The recommendations are contained in a user friendly, 24 item checklist. A copy of the statement, accompanying checklist, and this report can be found on the ISPOR Health Economic Evaluations Publication Guidelines Task Force website (www.ispor.org/TaskForces/EconomicPubGuidelines.asp).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;We hope CHEERS will lead to better reporting, and ultimately, better health decisions. To facilitate dissemination and uptake, the CHEERS statement is being co-published across 10 health economics and medical journals. We encourage other journals and groups, to endorse CHEERS. The author team plans to review the checklist for an update in five years.&lt;/p&gt

Preferably Plinian and Pumaceous: Implications of Microbial Activity in Modern Volcanic Deposits at Askja Volcano, Iceland, and Relevancy for Mars Exploration

To search more efficiently for a record of past life on Mars, it is critical to know where to look and thus maximize the likelihood of success. Large-scale site selection for the Mars 2020 mission has been completed, but small (meter to 10 cm)-scale relationships of microenvironments will not be known until the rover reaches the surface. Over a 2 m transect at a modern volcanic deposit on the flank of Askja volcano in the barren highlands of Iceland, we compared two biological indicators (ATP activity and 16SrRNA amplicon sequence composition) to physical characteristics including bulk chemical composition, spectral signatures of mineralogy, and grain size. Using analytical instrumentation analogous to those available on Mars rovers, we were able to characterize the geological setting of the deposits and link physical parameters to microbial abundance and diversity. In general, methanogenesis, methanotrophy/methylotrophy, and nitrate reduction were the functional traits most associated with microbial community shift along the transect. Core microbiome members tended to be associated with nitrate reduction, and relative abundance of core microbes was strongly related to free water in the deposit. Community compositional shift of the rare microbiome was related to microenvironmental changes such as change in grain size, geochemistry, and age of deposit. These correlations lead us to suggest a sampling strategy that accounts for Martian geology, looking for undisturbed (not remobilized) explosive volcanic ash below pumice that could maximize diversity and abundance of different bioindicators. Our study also illustrates the importance of studying the variability across microenvironments in low biomass settings on earth

Predicting risk of cardiovascular events 1 to 3 years post-myocardial infarction using a global registry.

BACKGROUND: Risk prediction tools are lacking for patients with stable disease some years after myocardial infarction (MI). HYPOTHESIS: A practical long-term cardiovascular risk index can be developed. METHODS: The long-Term rIsk, Clinical manaGement and healthcare Resource utilization of stable coronary artery dISease in post-myocardial infarction patients prospective global registry enrolled patients 1 to 3 years post-MI (369 centers; 25 countries), all with ≥1 risk factor (age ≥65 years, diabetes mellitus requiring medication, second prior MI, multivessel coronary artery disease, or chronic non-end-stage kidney disease [CKD]). Self-reported health was assessed with EuroQoL-5 dimensions. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to determine key predictors of the primary composite outcome (MI, unstable angina with urgent revascularization [UA], stroke, or all-cause death) over 2 years. RESULTS: The primary outcome occurred in 621 (6.9%) of 9027 eligible patients: death 295 (3.3%), MI 195 (2.2%), UA 103 (1.1%), and stroke 58 (0.6%). All events accrued linearly. In a multivariable model, 11 significant predictors of primary outcome (age ≥65 years, diabetes, second prior MI, CKD, history of major bleed, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, cardiovascular hospitalization (prior 6 months), medical management (index MI), on diuretic, and poor self-reported health) were identified and combined into a user-friendly risk index. Compared with lowest-risk patients, those in the top 16% had a rate ratio of 6.9 for the primary composite, and 18.7 for all-cause death (overall c-statistic; 0.686, and 0.768, respectively). External validation was performed using the Australian Cooperative National Registry of Acute Coronary Care, Guideline Adherence and Clinical Events registry (c-statistic; 0.748, and 0.849, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In patients >1-year post-MI, recurrent cardiovascular events and deaths accrue linearly. A simple risk index can stratify patients, potentially helping to guide management