Effect of MG-132 on gene expression profile in <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> adult worms.

<p>Adult worm pairs were treated for 24 h with 50 μM MG-132. Microarrays were used to measure gene expression on a large scale. The figure shows a group of 1,919 genes with a statistically significant (<i>q-value</i> ≤ 0.025) differential expression in adult worms treated with MG-132 <i>versus</i> controls. Each horizontal line represents a gene and each column represents an experimental replicate. There are two technical replicates for each one of four biological replicates. Genes with transcription induced by treatment are shown in red, genes with repressed transcription are in green, and the color intensity is proportional to the log2 ratio (treated/control), as indicated by the color scale at the bottom.</p

Microarray results validation by real-time PCR.

<p>Validation is shown for a group of selected differentially expressed genes in <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> adult worms treated with MG-132 compared with control parasites. Real time PCR data, expressed as Fold Change (normalized to the control group) are displayed as a bar graph while the corresponding data from the microarray (fold change) are shown below in numbers. The asterisk (*) indicates a statistically significant change (p < 0.05, t-test) when comparing treated with control samples.</p

Scanning electron microscopy of the tegument of <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> adult worms.

<p>(A, x600) Normal morphology of adult worm tegument. (B, x1200) and (C, x3000) magnification of normal morphology of <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> tegument showing the large number of tubercles (tu) and spines (sp). (D, x5000) Magnification of normal morphology of <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> tegument showing spines (sp). (E, x600) Morphology of <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> tegument after treatment with 50 μM MG-132 for 24 h. (F, x1200) Magnification showing tegumental changes in treated male adult worms: peeling (p), swelling (s), outbreak (o). (G, x3000) and (H, x5000) Magnification showing peeling (p) and bubbles (b) in the tegument promoted by MG-132.</p

Scanning electron microscopy of the tegument of <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> adult worms.

<p>(A, x600) Normal morphology of adult worm tegument. (B, x1200) and (C, x3000) magnification of normal morphology of <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> tegument showing the large number of tubercles (tu) and spines (sp). (D, x5000) Magnification of normal morphology of <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> tegument showing spines (sp). (E, x600) Morphology of <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> tegument after treatment with 50 μM MG-132 for 24 h. (F, x1200) Magnification showing tegumental changes in treated male adult worms: peeling (p), swelling (s), outbreak (o). (G, x3000) and (H, x5000) Magnification showing peeling (p) and bubbles (b) in the tegument promoted by MG-132.</p

Representative list of 30 induced genes in <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> adult worms in response to MG-132 treatment.

<p>Representative list of 30 induced genes in <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> adult worms in response to MG-132 treatment.</p

Effect of MG-132 on gene expression profile in <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> adult worms.

<p>Adult worm pairs were treated for 24 h with 50 μM MG-132. Microarrays were used to measure gene expression on a large scale. The figure shows a group of 1,919 genes with a statistically significant (<i>q-value</i> ≤ 0.025) differential expression in adult worms treated with MG-132 <i>versus</i> controls. Each horizontal line represents a gene and each column represents an experimental replicate. There are two technical replicates for each one of four biological replicates. Genes with transcription induced by treatment are shown in red, genes with repressed transcription are in green, and the color intensity is proportional to the log2 ratio (treated/control), as indicated by the color scale at the bottom.</p

Number of genes with expression detected in each category generated by the analysis of microarray experiments.

<p>Number of genes with expression detected in each category generated by the analysis of microarray experiments.</p