RESPOSTAS HEMATOLÓGICAS DE Arapaima gigas (PISCES: ARAPAIMIDAE) PARASITADOS NATURALMENTE POR PROTOZOÁRIOS E METAZOÁRIOS

O presente estudo comparou os parâmetros sanguíneos de Arapaima gigas Schinz, 1822 de cultivo, parasitados por uma espécie de protozoário e três espécies de helmintos. Em uma das pisciculturas os peixes foram parasitados somente por Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora), enquanto na outra foram parasitados por I. multifiliis, Dawestrema cycloancistrium e Dawestrema cycloancistrioides (Monogenoidea) e Polyacanthorhynchus macrorhynchus (Acanthocephala). Determinou-se a contagem total de eritrócitos, trombócitos e leucócitos (total e diferencial), hematócrito, concentração de hemoglobina, volume corpuscular média (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM), concentração da hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), glicose e proteínas totais. Os peixes parasitados por I. multifiliis, D. cycloancistrium, D. cycloancistrioides e P. macrorhynchus mostraram menores valores de hematócrito, VCM e níveis de glicose, e maior concentração de hemoglobina, HCM, CHCM, número de eritrócitos, monócitos, neutrófilos e eosinófilos totais quando comparados aos peixes parasitados somente por I. multifiliis. Portanto, esses resultados indicam uma resposta desses parâmetros sanguíneos ao parasitismo A. gigas.Palavras-chave: bioquímica, leucócitos, parasitos, peixe de água doce, sangue.This study compared the blood parameters of Arapaima gigas Schinz, 1822 farming, which were parasitized by a species of protozoan and three helminth species. In of one fish farm the fish were parasitized only by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora), while in other fish farm it were parasitized by I. multifiliis, Dawestrema cycloancistrium and Dawestrema cycloancistrioides (Monogenoidea) and Polyacanthorhynchus macrorhynchus (Acanthocephala). Total erythrocyte, thrombocytes and leukocytes number, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), hemoglobin, glucose and total protein were determined. The fish parasitized by I. multifiliis, D. cycloancistrium, D. cycloancistrioides  and P. macrorhynchus showed lower hematocrit, MCV and glucose levels, and an increased hemoglobin concentration, MCH, MCHC, erythrocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils number compared to fish parasitized only by I. multifiliis. Therefore, these results indicate a response of these blood parameters to parasitism in A. gigas.Keywords: biochemistry, leukocytes, parasites, freshwater fish, blood

DIVERSIDAD DE PARÁSITOS DE OSTEOGLOSSUM BICIRRHOSUM, UN PEZ OSTEOGLOSSIDAE DE LAAMAZONÍA

We investigated the ecological relationships between parasites and the host silver arowana Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Cuvier, 1829 from Amazonian basin, in Brazil. A total of 1,570.539 parasites belonging to different taxa were found including Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Piscinoodinium pillulare (Protozoa), Gonocleithrum aruanae, Gonocleithrum planacrus, Gonocleithrum coenoideum (Monogenoidea) and Camallanus acaudatus (Nematoda); all had an aggregated dispersion. The Brillouin diversity index was 0.11 ± 0.21, evenness was 0.08 ± 0.15 and species richness was 3.2 ± 0.5. There was positive correlation between the intensity of I. multifiliis and host size, as well as between the intensity of Gonocleithrum spp. and the relative condition factor of hosts. This is the first report on parasitic diversity indices in wild O. Bicirrhosum. The parasites community was characterized by low species diversity and species richness, and by high prevalence of ectoparasites species.Este estudio investigó las relaciones ecológicas entre los parásitos y el hospedero arauana Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Cuvier, 1829 de la cuenca del Amazonas, en Brasil. Un total de 1,570.539 parásitos pertenecientes a diferentes taxones se encontraron como Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Piscinoodinium pillulare (Protozoa), Gonocleithrum aruanae, Gonocleithrum planacrus, Gonocleithrum coenoideum (Monogenoidea) y Camallanus acaudatus (Nematoda), que tenían una dispersión agregada. El índice de diversidad de Brillouin fue 0,11 ± 0,21, la uniformidad fue 0,08 ± 0,15 y la riqueza de especies fue 3,2 ± 0,5. Hubo correlación positiva entre la intensidad de I. multifiliis y el tamaño del hospedero, así como entre la intensidad de Gonocleithrum spp. y el factor de condición relativa de los hospederos. Este primer informe sobre el índices de diversidad parasitarias en O. bicirrhosum muestra que la comunidad de parásitos se caracterizó por una baja diversidad y riqueza de especies, y por la alta prevalencia de especies de ectoparásitos

Parasitofauna no híbrido tambacu de pisciculturas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a parasitofauna de tambacu (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus) de pisciculturas e a relação parasito‑hospedeiro. Cento e catorze peixes foram coletados de quatro pisciculturas de Macapá, AP, 80,7% dos quais estavam infectados por: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora); Piscinoodinium pillulare (Dinoflagellida); Anacanthorus spatulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis e Mymarothecium viatorum (Monogenoidea); Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Acanthocephala), Cucullanus colossomi (Nematoda); Perulernaea gamitanae (Lernaeidae); e larvas de Proteocephalidae (Cestoda). Um total de 8.136.252 parasitos foram coletados dos peixes examinados. Esse é o primeiro registro de N. buttnerae, C. colossomi, N. janauachensis, M. viatorum e Proteocephalidae para híbridos tambacu no Brasil. Ichtyophthirius multifiliis foi o parasito mais prevalente, enquanto os endohelmintos, os menos. Observou-se correlação positiva entre número de I. multifiliis e comprimento total e peso corporal dos peixes, bem como entre número de P. gamitanae e comprimento total. A infeção por I. multifiliis mostrou associação com o parasitismo por Monogenoidea. A baixa qualidade da água contribui para o alto parasitismo do hibrido tambacu por ectoparasitas, que, no entanto, não influi no fator de condição relativo dos peixes.The objective of this work was to evaluate the parasitic fauna of hybrid tambacu (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus) from fish farms and the host‑parasite relationship. A hundred and fourteen fish were collected from four fish farms in Macapá, in the state of Amapá, Brazil, 80.7% of which were infected by: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora); Piscinoodinium pillulare (Dinoflagellida); Anacanthorus spatulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis, and Mymarothecium viatorum (Monogenoidea); Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Acanthocephala); Cucullanus colossomi (Nematoda); Perulernaea gamitanae (Lernaeidae); and Proteocephalidae larvae (Cestoda). A total of 8,136,252 parasites were collected from the examined fish. This is the first record of N. buttnerae, C. colossomi, N. janauachensis, M. viatorum, and Proteocephalidae for hybrid tambacu in Brazil. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was the most prevalent parasite, whereas endohelminths were the less. A positive correlation was observed between number of I. multifiliis and total length and weight of fish, as well as between number of P. gamitanae and total length. The infection by I. multifiliis had association with the parasitism by Monogenoidea. Low water quality contributes to high parasitism of hybrid tambacu by ectoparasites, which, however, does not influence the relative condition factor of fish

SUBSTITUIÇÃO PARCIAL DA RAÇÃO COMERCIAL POR SOJA E MILHO COZIDOS E SUA INFLUÊNCIA SOBRE O CULTIVO DE HÍBRIDOS TAMBATINGAS

Partial replacement of fish commercial diets by boiled soybean and corn prepared to feed tambatingas hybrids in a fish farm of Macapá City, State of Amapá, and promoted reduction of production costs. This practice is widely used by fish farmers; however, monitoring fish growth and health conditions is important. Therefore, this evaluation was the aim of the present study. Fish biometrical and physiological (hematologic and biochemistry) analysis were measured, as well as water quality parameters were performed in two period times. The first analysis were done two months after the start of feeding (named RSM and RC I), and the second analysis were done after four months after the start of feeding (named RSM and RC II). The diets replacement caused no changes in ponds water pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration; however, physiological changes occurred in fish. Tambatinga hybrid grew and presented weigh gain (P<0.05) when fed with soybean and corn boiled prepared feed (RSM). In addition, hemoglobin concentration and plasma protein and urea concentration alterations occurred. The leucogram indicated reduction in peripheral white blood cells and could indicate the presence of an infectious process in fish. Thus, the fish farmer has achieved reduction in the quantity of commercial feed utilized for only 20% of the total, diminishing the tambatingas production costs. However, additional long-term studies to evaluate the animals' health are necessary.Keywords: nutrition; fish farm; hematology; biochemical analysis.A substituição parcial da ração comercial para peixes por um preparado de soja e milho cozidos na alimentação de híbridos tambatingas, realizado em uma piscicultura no Município de Macapá, Estado do Amapá, pode promover redução dos custos de produção para o piscicultor. Esta prática é muito utilizada pelos produtores no estado, entretanto, o crescimento e a condição de saúde desses peixes devem ser monitorados durante o cultivo, o qual foi o objetivo do presente estudo. Avaliações biométricas e fisiológicas (hematológica e bioquímica) foram realizadas nos peixes, além do monitoramento da qualidade da água sendo a primeira análise, dois meses após o início da alimentação (RC I e RSM I), e a segunda, após quatro meses (RCM II e RSM II). A substituição da ração comercial não causou alterações no pH, temperatura e concentração de oxigênio dissolvido da água dos viveiros da piscicultura; entretanto, alterações fisiológicas ocorreram nos peixes. Os híbridos tambatingas apresentaram crescimento e ganho de peso (P < 0,05) quando alimentados com o preparado de soja e milho (RSM), além disso, ocorreram alterações nos níveis de hemoglobina nas células sanguíneas e nos níveis plasmáticos de proteína e ureia. O leucograma dos híbridos indicou redução no número de células brancas no sangue periférico, podendo indicar presença de processo infeccioso nos peixes. Conclui-se que o produtor obteve redução no uso de ração comercial para apenas 20% do total, diminuindo os custos de produção de tambatingas. Entretanto, estudos a longo prazo (no mínimo dez meses) são necessários, possibilitando monitoramento da saúde desses animais.Palavras-chave: nutrição, piscicultura, hematologia, análises bioquímicas

Parasitic fauna in hybrid tambacu from fish farms

The objective of this work was to evaluate the parasitic fauna of hybrid tambacu (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus) from fish farms and the host-parasite relationship. A hundred and fourteen fish were collected from four fish farms in Macapá, in the state of Amapá, Brazil, 80.7% of which were infected by: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora); Piscinoodinium pillulare (Dinoflagellida); Anacanthorus spatulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis, and Mymarothecium viatorum (Monogenoidea); Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Acanthocephala); Cucullanus colossomi (Nematoda); Perulernaea gamitanae (Lernaeidae); and Proteocephalidae larvae (Cestoda). A total of 8,136,252 parasites were collected from the examined fish. This is the first record of N. buttnerae, C. colossomi, N. janauachensis, M. viatorum, and Proteocephalidae for hybrid tambacu in Brazil. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was the most prevalent parasite, whereas endohelminths were the less. A positive correlation was observed between number of I. multifiliis and total length and weight of fish, as well as between number of P. gamitanae and total length. The infection by I. multifiliis had association with the parasitism by Monogenoidea. Low water quality contributes to high parasitism of hybrid tambacu by ectoparasites, which, however, does not influence the relative condition factor of fish

Parasites in Curimata cyprinoides (Characiformes: Curimatidae) from eastern Amazon, Brazil - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v35i4.19649

This work is the first study on parasitic fauna of Curimata cyprinoides Linnaeus, 1766 (Curimatidae) and the host-parasite relationship. The total of 154,740 parasites such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora), trophozoite of Spironucleus sp. (Hexamitidae), Urocleidoides sp. (Monogenoidea), Digenea gen. sp. and Polymorphus sp. (Polymorphidae) were collected. The component community showed low diversity (HB = 0.004 ± 0.020) and parasite species richness (1.4 ± 0.6). However, I. multifiliis and Urocleidoides sp. were prevalent and with higher intensity on the host population and also aggregated the distribution pattern. The occurrence of these ectoparasites in C. cyprinoides may be a consequence of its alimentary diet. Positive correlation between the abundance and size of I. multifiliis and the relative condition factor of the host were observed and discussed. These data represent increased knowledge of the biology of these parasites. Furthermore, this study expanded the geographic distribution of some parasite species for this new host from Brazil.  

Fauna parasitária de tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Characidae) cultivado em tanque-rede no estado do Amapá, Amazônia oriental Parasitic fauna of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum(Characidae) farmed in cages in the State of Amapá, eastern Amazon

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar a parasitofauna e a relação hospedeiro- parasito em tambaqui Colossoma macropomum cultivados em tanques-rede no Rio Matapi, município de Santana, estado do Amapá, região da Amazônia oriental, Brasil. Foram examinados 60 tambaquis, dos quais 96,7% estavam parasitados por protozoários Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora) e Piscinoodinium pillulare (Dinoflagellida), monogenoideas Mymarotheciun boegeri e Anacanthorus spathulatus (Dactylogyridae) e sanguessugas Glossiiphonidae gen. sp. (Hirudinea). Os maiores níveis de parasitismo foram causados por protozoários I. multifiliis e P. pillulare e os menores por sanguessugas Glossiiphonidae gen. sp. Porém, os índices de infestação não tiveram efeitos na saúde dos peixes hospedeiros, uma vez que o fator de condição relativo (Kn) não foi estatisticamente (p<0,05) correlacionado com a intensidade desses parasitos. Este foi o primeiro relato da ocorrência de I. multifiliis e P. pillulare em C. macropomum cultivados em tanques-rede na Amazônia brasileira.<br>The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the parasitic fauna and the host-parasite relationship in Colossoma macropomum farmed in cages of Matapi River, municipally of Santana, State of Amapá, in eastern Amazon, Brazil. Of 60 specimens of tambaqui examined, 96.7% were parasitized by protozoans Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora) and Piscinoodinium pillulare (Dinoflagellida), monogenoideans Mymarotheciun boegeri and Anacanthorus spathulatus (Dactylogyridae), and leeches Glossiphoniidae gen. sp. (Hirudinea). The higher infestation levels were caused by protozoans I. multifiliis and P. pillulare, while the lower infestation levels were caused by leeches. No effects of parasitic infestation rates on fish health were observed. The relative condition factor (Kn) was not correlated with the intensity of parasites found. This was the first record of I. multifiliis and P. pillulare in C. macropomum farmed in cages in the Brazilian Amazon