Patrimoine fluvial, modernité et maritimité : un rapport en évolution

Après la rudesse de la désindustrialisation, dans les années 2000, NewcastleGastehead a tenté de repositionner son projet de ville dans le registre culturel. Alors que l’on assistait au renouvellement d’une sensibilité au maritime, le réaménagement des quais centraux (projet Quayside) avait été pensé pour créer une vitrine métropolitaine du Tyneside. Cependant, une quinzaine d’années après, ce tournant culturel n’a pas pris l’ampleur espérée et a notamment subi la crise de 2008. Les grands projets des années 2000 sont en partie rejetés par la population. Le patrimoine alors considéré comme une « ressource territoriale », est aujourd’hui au cœur de l’ancrage des habitants sur le territoire. Cet article revient sur l’évolution des dynamiques patrimoniales du Tyneside.After the harshness of deindustrialisation, in the 2000’s, NewcastleGastehead tried the repositioning of the city on a cultural concept. In a context of a new sensitiveness for the sea, the redevelopment of the central quays (Quayside project), was planned to become a metropolitan window of the Tyneside. However, fifteen years later, this cultural turn is not as successful as expected and has notably suffered from the 2008 economic crisis. The iconic projects of the 2000’s are partly rejected by the population. While heritage was considered as a “territorial resource”, it is now central in the matter of “sense of place”. This article deals with the evolution of “patrimonialisation” in the Tyneside

Foreign Direct Investment across China: what should we learn from spatial dependences?

The paper investigates the importance of spatial dependences on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) localization across Chinese provinces over the 1992-2009. Based on exploratory spatial data analysis, spatial sigma-convergence and spatial Durbin specifications, we present a much clearer picture of FDI dispersion and spatial convergence across China by highlighting the spillover effects of FDI localization in Chinese provinces and regions. Our results are threefold. First, FDI convergence is more pronounced compared to the Central region, whereas the dispersion is greater when the Coastal and the Western regions are taken as reference points. Second, at the province level, FDI localization seems to present a substitutable configuration. Third, when controlling for the spatial distribution of FDI at the level of regions, it seems, conversely, that the FDI localization presents a complementary configuration. The finding resulting from the opposing configurations of the FDI localizations observed at the region and province levels seems to argue in favor of promoting FDI attractiveness policies based on regional complementarities

Automated Generalisation Results Using the Agent-Based Platform CartAGen

International audienc

Globalization and the Growth of Chinese Cities

China experiences rapid growth in urbanization. This paper investigates whether openness may, ceteris paribus, partly explain the urbanization process. Trade openness and foreign direct investments are often regarded as important explanatory variables during the nineties. However, the impact of the later is expected to be positive, as FDI are mostly concentrated in few urban areas, whereas the impact of the former is a priori less clear. A cross section of 132 cities (data are averaged over the period 1992-1998) is used to carry out an econometric analysis. Trade openness appears only significant and negative for the sub-sample of coastal cities, when Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai are excluded from the data. Foreign direct investments are significant and positive for the sub-sample of cities with more than one million inhabitants. These results contradict the common view of openness as a positive factor of urbanization in the nineties.urbanization, Trade, panel data, Openness, FDI, cities, China

Une patrimonialisation sans appropriation ? Le cas de l’architecture de la reconstruction au Havre

L’architecture de reconstruction du Havre, œuvre de l’architecte Auguste Perret, inscrite sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco en 2005, est un exemple intéressant d’une patrimonialisation orchestrée par les experts (nationaux et internationaux) et le pouvoir local : les premiers étant conscients de la valeur intrinsèque de l’œuvre de Perret et de la place qu’elle occupe dans l’histoire de l’architecture contemporaine ; les seconds étant persuadés que l’inscription du Havre pourrait permettre de disposer d’un outil de valorisation et de reconstruction identitaire de cette ville-martyre. Dans ce processus de patrimonialisation du Havre, que nous pouvons qualifier de top-down, la population Havraise a été quasiment absente. Ce processus correspond par conséquent à une dynamique portée par des acteurs extérieurs et instrumentalisée par le politique, mais dans laquelle les résidents ont joué un rôle marginal. Nous avons souhaité nous poser la question de l’évolution de ce schéma de patrimonialisation. La littérature de plus en plus abondante sur le patrimoine mondial semble confirmer que celui-ci agit comme un formidable moteur à différents niveaux : économique, identitaire, touristique et ce sont ces entrées que nous avons explorées dans le cadre de cet article. Nous faisons l’hypothèse d’une patrimonialisation sans appropriation qui, cinq ans après l’inscription, continue à fonctionner par l’intermédiaire du regard extérieur : le regard touristique tend aujourd’hui à succéder au regard des experts.The architecture of reconstruction of Le Havre, work of the architect Auguste Perret, inscribed in 2005 at the Unesco World Heritage list, is an interesting example of heritage building orchestrated by national and international experts and by the local power: the first being aware of the merits of Perret’s architecture and the latter convinced that Le Havre listing could provide a recovery tool for the reconstruction of the identity of this martyr city. In this process, we can qualify for top-down, Le Havre residents was virtually absent. Le Havre heritage-building process is therefore an impulse coming from “outsiders” and instrumented by the local power, but in which residents have played a marginal role. We wished in this paper to examine the evolution of this heritage-building schema. A more and more abundant literature on World Heritage seems to confirm that the latter acts as apowerful and positive engine at different levels: economic, identity, tourism; these are the entries we explore in this paper. We make the hypothesis of a heritage-building process without appropriation that, 5 years after the listing, continues to operate thanks to the external insight: the tourist gaze today tends to succeed to the one of the experts

Importance of a Thymus Dysfunction in the Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes

peer reviewedThe autoimmune nature of the diabetogenic process and the major contribution of T lymphocytes stand now beyond any doubt. However, despite the identification of the three major type 1-diabetes-related autoantigens (insulin, GAD65 and phosphatase IA-2), the origin of this immune dysregulation still remains unknown. More and more evidence supports a thymic dysfunction in the establishment of central self-tolerance to the insulin family as a crucial factor in the development of the autoimmune response selective of pancreatic insulin-secreting islet beta cells. All the genes of the insulin family (INS, IGF1 and IGF2) are expressed in the thymus network. However, IGF-2 is the dominant member of this family first encountered by T cells in the thymus, and only IGFs control early T-cell differentiation. IGF2 transcription is defective in the thymus in one animal model of type 1 diabetes, the Bio-Breeding (BB) rat. The sequence B9-23, one dominant autoantigen of insulin, and the homologous sequence B11-25 derived from IGF-2 exibit the same affinity and fully compete for binding to DQ8, one class-II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) conferring major genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Compared to insulin B9-23, the presentation of IGF-2 B11-25 to peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from type 1 diabetic DQ8+ adolescents elicits a regulatory/tolerogenic cytokine profile (*IL-10, *IL-10/IFN-g, *IL-4). Thus, administration of IGF-2 derived self-antigen(s) might constitute a novel form of vaccine/immunotherapy combining both an antagonism for the site of presentation of a susceptible MHC allele, as well as a downstream tolerogenic/regulatory immune response

Gene Expression and Chromatin Organization during Mouse Oocyte Growth

AbstractMouse oocytes can be classified according to their chromatin organization and the presence [surrounded nucleolus (SN) oocytes] or absence [nonsurrounded nucleolus (NSN) oocytes] of a ring of Hoechst-positive chromatin around the nucleolus. Following fertilization only SN oocytes are able to develop beyond the two-cell stage. These studies indicate a correlation between SN and NSN chromatin organization and the developmental competence of the female gamete, which may depend on gene expression. In the present study, we have used the HSP70.1Luc transgene (murine HSP70.1 promoter + reporter gene firefly luciferase) to analyze gene expression in oocytes isolated from ovaries of 2-day- to 13-week-old females. Luciferase was assayed on oocytes after classification as SN or NSN type. Our data show that SN oocytes always exhibit a higher level of luciferase activity, demonstrating a higher gene expression in this category. Only after meiotic resumption, metaphase II oocytes derived from NSN or SN oocytes acquire the same level of transgene expression. We suggest that the limited availability of transcripts and corresponding proteins, excluded from the cytoplasm until GVBD in NSN oocytes, could explain why these oocytes have a lower ability to sustain embryonic development beyond the two-cell stage at which major zygotic transcription occurs. With this study we have furthered our knowledge of epigenetic regulation of gene expression in oogenesis

Improving headspace-solid-phase microextraction of 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine by experimental design with regard to stable isotope dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis of wine

To solve problems of sensitivity, repeatability and multi-step extraction related to 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) determination in wines, a simple method based on the novel combination of solid-phase microextraction and stable isotope dilution assay is presented. Among the parameters that affect this type of extraction, five of them have been optimised since the other parameters have common values or do not require optimisation (e.g. addition of sodium chloride at saturated concentration) and so were fixed. Vial volume, sample volume/vial volume ratio, pH, adsorption time and temperature have been optimised by means of two experimental designs. After extraction, quantification was performed by stable isotope dilution with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ([]-IBMP as internal standard). The final procedure allowed quantification far below IBMP’s sensory threshold (1 ng l−1 versus 15 ng l−1) with a 4% standard deviation. This method has been applied to experimental Fer servadou wines. Comparison of IBMP contents confirmed the efficiency of some viticultural and enological techniques on the herbaceous flavour decrease, such as prior fermentation maceration at high temperature (70 °C) and the use of a reflective carpet on viticultural soil

Artificial pancreas systems for people with type 2 diabetes: Conception and design of the european CLOSE project

In the last 10 years tremendous progress has been made in the development of artificial pancreas (AP) systems for people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The pan-European consortium CLOSE (Automated Glucose Control at Home for People with Chronic Disease) is aiming to develop integrated AP solutions (APplus) tailored to the needs of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). APplus comprises a product and service package complementing the AP system by obligatory training as well as home visits and telemedical consultations on demand. Outcome predictors and performance indicators shall help to identify people who could benefit most from AP usage and facilitate the measurement of AP impact in diabetes care. In a first step CLOSE will establish a scalable APplus model case working at the interface between patients, homecare service providers, and payers in France. CLOSE will then scale up APplus by pursuing geographic distribution, targeting additional audiences, and enhancing AP functionalities and interconnectedness. By being part of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) Health public-private partnership, CLOSE is committed to the EIT “knowledge triangle” pursuing the integrated advancement of technology, education, and business creation. Putting stakeholders, education, and impact into the center of APplus advancement is considered key for achieving wide AP use in T2D care