Appendix A. Development of plant biomass over the growing season, average values of the environmental variables used in the study and additional correlations between plant biomass and environmental variables.

Development of plant biomass over the growing season, average values of the environmental variables used in the study and additional correlations between plant biomass and environmental variables

Mapping the landscape of automated species identification apps

Numerous automated species identification apps can be found online, free or for a fee. This proprietary landscape is both rich and dynamic, with apps coming and going, and thus its nature changes over time. To map the landscape of automated species identification apps, we used a method that mirrors a typical user's path to find an app that can help identify a specimen via a smartphone. Initial queries were made on the two predominant platforms for app acquisition, Google Playstore and Apple's App Store, using broad search terms (e.g. 'species identification AI', 'species ID AI', and 'species identifier'). These were then iteratively refined as well as expanded on with more targeted queries (e.g. 'plants', 'insects', 'birds', 'fish' and 'mushrooms') in response to the landscape that slowly became visible and to ensure a thorough cataloguing. During this process, we also came across adjacent topics such as 'rocks', 'plant diseases and care', as well as ‘pets’. To ensure that no important natural history apps were missed, we included these topics in our searches, and as they were part of our findings, we included them in the final dataset.</p

The dynamics of volunteer motivations for engaging in the management of invasive plants: insights from a mixed-methods study on Scottish seabird islands

<p>Volunteers play an important role in the management of natural habitats. Understanding what motivates volunteers to join conservation initiatives and how motivations change over time is essential to enhance the environmental and social benefits of their engagement. Using a repeated qualitative survey and semi-structured interviews, we explore volunteers’ initial and sustained motivations in the management of the invasive tree mallow (<i>Lavatera arborea</i>) on Scottish seabird islands. Caring for nature, the performance of volunteering activities, and social interactions were the main drivers of involvement. Over time, motivations were shaped by the interplay between individual expectations and experiences with the social and ecological context. They changed from identifiable functions to more complex attachments to the place and the group. We discuss the limitations of functional methodologies in making sense of these attachments and of the performative nature of environmental volunteering. We then explore the practical implications of the dynamics of volunteering motivations.</p

exp_icing_dat

Raw data from Cassiope icing experiment in high Arctic Svalbard, 2014. Effects of simulated extreme mid-winter rain-on-snow icing event (treatment) on Cassiope shoot growth, survival and flowering, as compared with plants in control plots

AGI_Icing

Pre- and post-treatment annual growth increments of Cassiope shoots sampled from experimental treatment and control plots

Overview of sample sizes and demographic characteristics (gender, age) per sub-sample.

<p>*Professionals in the ‘Scotland’ sample were based across the whole of Great Britain.</p><p>Overview of sample sizes and demographic characteristics (gender, age) per sub-sample.</p

Parameter estimates of fixed effects in a linear mixed model.

<p>Type III sums of squares. The dependent variable is attitude towards species management, with higher scores indicating stronger support for management. Belief variables recoded such that parameter estimates are all positive: the higher the score, the more ugly, detrimental, non-native, uncontrollable, abundant the species. The parameter ‘study area’ (Scotland/Ontario) was included in the analysis as a fixed effect (not shown in diagram for clarity). Error bars show 95% confidence interval.</p

Species used in the questionnaire, per study area.

<p>*See text for discussion.</p><p>Species used in the questionnaire, per study area.</p

Mean attitude index scores (higher scores = stronger support for management) among both public and professionals in Scotland and Ontario (pooled) towards management of all five species types, in relation to beliefs: (a) abundance, (b) beauty, (c) impact on nature, (d) impact on the economy, (e) nativeness and (f) controllability.

<p>Belief variables were coded such that label indicates direction: the higher the score, the more abundant, beautiful, detrimental, native, or controllable. Error bars show 95% confidence interval. Note that lines between points do not denote interpolation, but are added to improve legibility.</p

Appendix A. Tables showing geographical details and characterization of a soil profile at the Glas Maol study site, means and standard errors of mean (SE) of carbon and nutrient fluxes in a leaching experiment with soil cores collected near (a) and away from (b) a snow fence and exposed to five different freezing-thawing treatments (Fig. 3), and a figure showing fluxes and concentrations of DOC and nutrients in soil water in a monolith transplant experiment between locations with either deep...

Tables showing geographical details and characterization of a soil profile at the Glas Maol study site, means and standard errors of mean (SE) of carbon and nutrient fluxes in a leaching experiment with soil cores collected near (a) and away from (b) a snow fence and exposed to five different freezing-thawing treatments (Fig. 3), and a figure showing fluxes and concentrations of DOC and nutrients in soil water in a monolith transplant experiment between locations with either deep and persistent, or shallow and intermittent snow conditions near (deep snow; D) or away (shallow snow; S) from a snow fence