Phytophthora infestans RXLR effectors act in concert at diverse subcellular locations to enhance host colonization

Oomycetes such as the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans deliver RXLR effectors into plant cells to manipulate host processes and promote disease. Knowledge of where they localize inside host cells is important in understanding their function. Fifty-two P. infestans RXLR effectors (PiRXLRs) up-regulated during early stages of infection were expressed as fluorescent protein (FP) fusions inside cells of the model host Nicotiana benthamiana. FP-PiRXLR fusions were predominantly nucleo-cytoplasmic, nuclear, or plasma membrane-associated. Some also localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, or microtubules, suggesting diverse sites of subcellular activity. Seven of the 25 PiRXLRs examined during infection accumulated at sites of haustorium penetration, probably due to co-localization with host target processes; Pi16663 (Avr1), for example, localized to Sec5-associated mobile bodies which showed perihaustorial accumulation. Forty-five FP-RXLR fusions enhanced pathogen leaf colonization when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, revealing that their presence was beneficial to infection. Co-expression of PiRXLRs that target and suppress different immune pathways resulted in an additive enhancement of colonization, indicating the potential to study effector combinations using transient expression assays. We provide a broad platform of high confidence P. infestans effector candidates from which to investigate the mechanisms, singly and in combination, by which this pathogen causes disease.</p

A Cross-Domain Service Function Chain Deployment Scheme Based on Bargaining Game

Software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) technologies provide support for service function chain (SFC) deployment. As the scale of a network expands, SDN domains are maintained and managed by their respective network operators. When deploying an SFC in multiple domains, to protect the privacy of each domain is challenging. We propose a cross-domain SFC deployment scheme based on a bargaining game. We establish an effective cross-domain service chain system model and combine resource consumption cost and load balance to translate SFC deployment to an optimization problem. A bargaining game model is established so as to reasonably optimize these contradictory parameters. We solve the model by an improved imperialist competition algorithm and obtain the optimal node mapping relationship. Experimental results show that our method performs better than the current one in terms of network load balancing and mapping overhead and has better scalability

Polydiacetylene-based gels for solvent discrimination and formation of Au/Ag nanoparticles with embedded photocatalytic performance

two novel gelators N-TPY-DA and O-TPY-DA were designed. By introduction of Eu3+ followed by UV-irradiation, Eu3+/O-TPY-PDA polymeric gel with dark purple color and red emission color was obtained. Furthermore, colorimetric and fluorescent sensor arrays toward organic solvents could be obtained by Eu3+/O-TPY-PDA gels. Eu3+/O-TPY-PDA gel showed dark purple-to-red color response toward organic solvents such as CH2Cl2, CHCl3, THF and DMF. On the other hand, DMF and methanol both triggered red-to-blue emission color changes of Eu3+/O-TPY-DA gel. The two solvents could be further discriminated by fluorescent spectral difference. Furthermore, O-TPY-PDA or N-TPY-PDA gel could be also utilized to absorb Ag+ or Au3+ from aqueous solutions. By in situ reduction, the obtained fibrous xerogel assembly embedded with Ag or Au nanoparticles had enhanced photocatalytic performance. This work showed how a simple gel system converts to materials with multiple functions including pollutant sensing, absorption and functional nanoparticle formation

The LINC00922 aggravates ovarian cancer progression via sponging miR-361-3p

Abstract Background Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00922 has been reported to promote tumorigenesis of lung and breast cancer. However, the functions and mechanisms of LINC00922 in ovarian cancer (OC) remain unclarified. The current study aims to clarify the detailed functions and underlying mechanisms of LINC00922 in the progression of OC. Methods LINC00922 expression in OC tissues and cells was identified by a comprehensive strategy of data miming, computational biology and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) experiment. In vitro CCK-8, wound healing, transwell invasion, western blotting and in vivo tumorigenesis assays LINC00922 were conducted to evaluate the functions of LINC00992. Subsequently, bioinformatics technology and dual luciferase reporter assay were performed to confirm the between miR-361-3p and LINC00922 or CLDN1. Finally, rescue experiments were performed to confirm whether LINC00922 effect functions of OC cells through regulation of miR-361-3p. Results LINC00922 was significantly upregulated in OC tissues and cell lines, which is significantly positively corelated with the poor prognosis of patients with OC. LINC00922 knockdown inhibited proliferation and tumorigenesis of OC cells in vitro and vivo. In addition, LINC00922 knockdown suppressed migration, invasion, and EMT of OC cells in vitro. Mechanically, LINC00922 could competitively bind with miR-361-3p to relieve the repressive effect of miR-361-3p on its target gene CLDN1 in OC cells. In addition, silencing miR-361-3p promoted OC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, while LINC00922 knockdown inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling by upregulating miR-361-3p. Rescue experiments revealed that LINC00922 knockdown inhibited OC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT by regulating miR-361-3p. Conclusion This study suggested that LINC00922 could competitively bind with miR-361-3p to promote the CLDN1 expression and activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling in OC progression, which providing a promising therapeutically target for OC

Electrochemical poperties of new compound based on POMs

Polyoxometalates (POMs ) are novel and unique inorganic building blocks, which can activate the terminal oxygen or bridging oxygen by adjusting the synthesis conditions, thus obtaining various compounds. In order to study the electroche-mical properties of POMs, Keggin-phosphomolybdic acid and 1,4-bis ( imidazolyl ) butane (L) are selected to synthesize a new inorganic-organic hybrid compound (H2L)3(PMo12O40)2 based on polyoxometalates by hydrothermal method. The electrocatalysis activity of the compound to nitrite is studied.The compound has been characterized by elemental analyses, IR, TG, X-ray single crystal diffractions and PXRD, and the connection between synthesis conditions(for example pH values) and compound structures is also studied. The electrochemical behavior and electro-catalysis of the target compound are studied. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the polyoxometalates and the organic donor are linked to become 3D structure by hydrogen bonds (triclini, P-1). And Fluorescence analysis indicates that the fluorescence of the compound mainly comes from ligand contribution. The compound exhibits remarkable catalytic activity to nitrite ions and may be actually used for the detection of nitrite

Simultaneous Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation and Electricity Generation in Microbial Fuel Cell: Performance and Electrochemical Characteristics

In this study, a microbial fuel cell (MFC) that can achieve simultaneous anode anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and electricity generation (anode anammox MFC) by high-effective anammox bacteria fed with purely inorganic nitrogen media was constructed. As the influent concentrations of ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrite (NO2&minus;-N) gradually increased from 25 to 250 mg/L and 33&ndash;330 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N, NO2&minus;-N and TN were over 90%, 90% and 80%, respectively, and the maximum volumetric nitrogen removal rate reached 3.01 &plusmn; 0.27 kgN/(m3&middot;d). The maximum voltage and maximum power density were 225.48 &plusmn; 10.71 mV and 1308.23 &plusmn; 40.38 mW/m3, respectively. Substrate inhibition took place at high nitrogen concentrations (NH4+-N = 300 mg/L, NO2&minus;-N = 396 mg/L). Electricity production performance significantly depended upon the nitrogen removal rate under different nitrogen concentrations. The reported low coulombic efficiency (CE, 4.09&ndash;5.99%) may be due to severe anodic polarization. The anode charge transfer resistance accounted for about 90% of the anode resistance. The anode process was the bottleneck for energy recovery and should be further optimized in anode anammox MFCs. The high nitrogen removal efficiency with certain electricity recovery potential in the MFCs suggested that anode anammox MFCs may be used in energy sustainable nitrogen-containing wastewater treatment