Fcc -> bcc -> hcp successive phase transformations in the strained ultrathin copper film: A molecular dynamic simulation study

The phase transformation behaviors of ultrathin Cu film under uniaxial tensile stress are investigated using molecular dynamic simulation. With the stress increasing, Cu film undergoes a successive phase transformation, i.e. firstly fcc -> bcc, then bcc -> hcp. The phase transformation process is very fast and thorough, i.e., all parents phase can transit into the new phase almost instantaneously. The crystallography mechanisms of two martensitic transformations are exactly corresponding to Bain and Burgers mechanism, respectively. By examining the formation conditions of such phase transformation in Cu film, we reveal that this fcc -> bcc -> hcp successive phase transformation will be subject to the very strict simulation conditions, namely stretching along [100] ( or [010], [001] ) direction, definitive tensile speed (1 x 10(10)/s), appropriate film thickness (0.7230-18.08 nm), low temperature (T <= 10 K), and continuous stretching process without any relaxation procedure

Report of recombinant norovirus GII.g/GII.12 in Beijing, China.

BACKGROUND: Norovirus (NoV) has been recognized as the most important cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis affecting all age group people in the world. Genetic recombination is a common occurance in RNA viruses and many recombinant NoV strains have been described since it was first reported in 1997. However, the knowledge of recombinant NoV in China is extremely limited. METHODS: A total of 685 stool specimens were tested for NoV infection from the acute gastroenteritis patients who visited one general hospital in Beijing from April 2009 to November 2011. The virus recombination was identified by constructing phylogenetic trees of two genes, further SimPlot and the maximum chi-square analysis. RESULTS: The overall positive rate was 9.6% (66/685). GII.4 New Orleans 2009 and GII.4 2006b variants were the dominant genotype. Four GII.g/GII.12 and one GII.12/GII.3 recombinant strains were confirmed, and all derived from adult outpatients. The predictive recombination point occurred at the open reading frame (ORF)1/ORF2 overlap. CONCLUSIONS: The GII.g ORF1/GII.12ORF2 recombinant has been reported in several countries and it was the first report of this recombinant in China

The inconsistant results of specimens genotyping with the partial gene of RdRp or VP1 of NoV.

<p>Note: ‘--’means the specimen was not successfully genotyped.</p

The Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was constructed with partial nucleotide sequences of ORF1(326 bp) using the primers of JV12/JV13.

<p>▴ represented reference strains including New Orleans 2009 (GQ845367), Kenepuru NZ327 (EF187497), Terneuzen70 (EF126964), Hunter 2004 (DQ078814), Apeldoorn2008 (HQ009513), Niigata12008 (AB541310), Henry 2001(EU310927), US 1995/96 (AY741811), Farmington Hill 2002 (AY502023), Shellharbour (EF684915), Nijimegen115 (EF126966),Camberwell 1994 (AF145896), Lordsdale 1993 (X86557), Hawaii (U07611), Saitama U1 (AB039775), Goulburn Vally G5175 (DQ379714), Melksham (X81879), Toronto (U02030),Hokkaido (AB212306), DesertShield (U04469), Norwalk (M87661), Southampton (L07418), Chiba407 (AB042808),VA97207 (AY038599).</p

The Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was constructed with partial nucleotide sequences of ORF2(265 bp).

<p>▴ represented reference strains including Shellharbour (EF684915), Asia 2003 (DQ369797), Henry 2001(EU310927), Farmington Hill 2002 (AY502023), Kenepuru/NZ327 (EF187497), Hunter 2004 (DQ078814), New Orleans 2009 (GQ845367), Apeldoorn2008 (HQ009513), US 1995/96 (AY741811), Osaka 2007 (AB541319), Camberwell 1994 (AF145896), Lordsdale 1993 (X86557), VA97207 (AY038599), Amsterdam (AF195848), Leeds(AJ277608), Toronto (U02030), Hillingdon (AJ277607), Melksham (X81879), Erfurt (AF427118), Hawaii (U07611), Wortley (AJ277618), Saitama U1 (AB039775), Seacroft (AJ277620), DesertShield(U04469), Winchester(AJ277609), Boxer (AF538679), Chiba407(AB042808), Norwalk (M87661), Southampton (L07418), Hesse/BS5 (AF093797), Musgrove(AJ277614), Goulburn Vally G5175 (DQ379714).</p