Distribution of Coral Reefs Stone at the Reef Flat of South Coast Putus-Putus Island East Ratatotok, Ratatotok District Southeast Minahasa Regency

This research was conducted at the reef flat of south Putus-Putus Island, East Ratatotok, Ratatotok district, Southeast Minahasa Regency. This research was done no data of coral distribution available in Putus-Putus Island. This research aimed to describe the distribution of corals in Putus-Putus Island. The benefit of the study was to provide information and contribution to coral reef management efforts in the region. Data was collected using transect-quadrat methodt. There were 3 sampling points determined, the inner reef flats, the middle reef flats, and the outer reef flat. Each depth was laid five 50 m–transects, and each transect had 10 1x1-quadrats. The distance between quadrats was 5 m. Any coral found in the quadrat was recorded on a data sheet and photographed using an underwater camera. The highest percent cover was recorded at the outer reef flat, 57.32%, followed by the middle reef flat, 39.08%, and the lowest was found in the inner reef flat, 11.38%. The most coral lifeform cover in Putus-Putus Island reef flat was Coral Massive, 42.98%. General condition of coral reefs was good at the outer reef flat, moderate at the middle reef flat, and poor at the inner reef flat, respectively. Hard coral diversity index (H\u27) value was 0.36 at the inner reef flat, 0.56 at the middle reef flat, and 0.51 at the outer reef flat. Eveness index was 0.52 at the inner reef flats, 0.59 at the middle reef flat and 0.60 at the outer reef flat, respectively. Dominance index was 0.61 at the inner reef flat, 0.43 at the middle reef flat, and 0.45 at the outer reef flat. The distribution pattern was clustered in all sampling points

The Distribution of Genus Favia (Oken, 1815) at the Reef Flats of Likupang Kampung Ambong Village Minahasa Utara

Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan 6 spesies karang genus Favia, yaitu Favia pallida (Dana, 1846), Favia speciosa (Dana, 1846), Favia favus (Forskål, 1775), Favia truncatus (Veron, 2000), Favia rotundata (Veron and Pichon, 1977) dan Favia matthaii (Vaughan, 1918). Spesies dengan persentase tutupan karang tertinggi adalah Favia pallida (0,37 %). Nilai Indeks Dominasi menunjukkan tidak ada spesies karang genus Favia yang dominan pada rataan terumbu Kampung Ambong. Indeks keanekaragaman karang genus Favia menunjukkan nilai H\u27 = 1,47. Terdapat dua Pola distribusi yang diperoleh dari karang genus Favia di rataan terumbu Kampung Ambong, yaitu mengelompok dan seragam

The Growth Rate of Acropora SP. Transplanted on Artificial Reefs in Kareko Waters of North Lembeh Sub-District of Bitung City

The purpose of this research is to know the success rate of Acropora sp coral growth rate transplanted on different artificial reefs (iron and concrete) in Kareko waters of North Lembeh Sub-district of Bitung City. The study was conducted in November 2016 - February 2017. The data were collected by SCUBA divers and counted the number of dead and surviving coral transplants and measured the absolute length increase for each month. The results showed that the survival rate and the growth rate of coral transplant of iron-made reefs were 70% (survival rate) and 1.00 cm / month (growth rate), while artificial reefs were recorded had 50% (survival rate) and 0.93 cm / month (growth rate). Coral transplant growth rates on different substrates (iron and concrete) were not significantly different (P> 0.05)

Study on Ecological Economic Benefits of Mangrove in Sauk Village, Lolak Sub-district, Bolaang Mongondow District

This study was carried out in Sauk village, Lolak district, Bolaang Mongondow regency on June 10th – August 11th, 2016, around mangrove ecosystem at the geographic position of 00 50\u27 10\u27\u27 N and 1230 56\u27 40\u27\u27E. It was aimed to a) assess the ecological condition of the mangrove ecosystem of Sauk village based upon the community structure and (b) estimate the economic value of the mangrove ecosystem from direct and indirect benefit. Results found that the ecological value of the mangrove ecosystem was categorized as “rare” (<1000 trees/Ha), with low diversity index (< 2), and Sonneratia alba had very important role with the highest IVI. Total economic value was IDR. 1,116,830,000 per year based upon the benefit value

The Distribution of Favites Abdita Coral Reef (Ellis and Solander, 1786) in the Land of Coral Coast Village of Malalayang Dua, Malalayang Sub-district Manado

This study was conducted at Malalayang Dua waters (Sub-district Malalayang Dua, Manado City). The aim of study is: To know and to inform the coral of Favites abdita. The other aim was to describe the distribution of Favites abdita. This research also will contribute for the management effort of coral reef in Malalayang Dua area, and also as information and literature in doing research at the same place in the future. Data collection was done by using simple random method with 1x1 meter quadrant. Every coral found was wrote at data sheet. The pictures of those coral was taken by using underwater camera. The highest percentage cover of hard coral was found in station 3 (1.46%), while the lowest was wrote at station first (0.13%). The distributions patterns of hard coral were found in each stations are Clumped. There is no significant difference in number of colony, percentage cover and diameter for the three depths

Vertical Distribution of Hard Corals in Southern Siladen Island

This study was aimed at provide information on hard coral distribution in southern Siladen Island. The work was done using SCUBA gear Line Intercept Transect (LIT). Thirty m long-line transects were placed at the reef flat, 5 m depth, 10 m depth, 15 m depth, and 20 m depth. A total of 44 hard coral genera was recorded, and the highest number of genre was found at 5 m depth. Coral species diversity was also high enough at the reef flat (1.032) and 5 m depth (1.28). Coral reef condition at 10 m depth was good enough as well and categorized as productive due to much higher percent of the biotic component than the abiotic component. The dominant life forms consisted of tabulate Acropora and branching corals at the reef flat, encrusting corals, branching corals, and foliose corals at 5 m, encrusting corals at 10 and 20 m depth, and massive corals, encrusting corals, and branching corals at 15 m depth, respectively

Study on the Taxonomy of Genus Favia (Oken, 1815) at the Reef Flats of Kampung Ambong Village in Likupang Timur District, Minahasa Utara

Terumbu karang di dunia memiliki luas sekitar 250.000 km2 dan merupakan tempat tinggal bagi 25% spesies laut sehingga terumbu karang disebut juga rain forest laut (Knowlton et al. 2010 dalam Andi Haerul, 2014). Indonesia memiliki tingkat keanekaragaman spesies karang yang tinggi yaitu kurang lebih 80 genera meliputi 74% dari 800 spesies yang ada di dunia.Karang Favia (Oken, 1815) merupakan salah satu genus dari famili karang Faviidae yang menjadi salah satu famili terbesar setelah Acroporidae. Spesies dari famili Faviidae hidup secara berkoloni. Ciri-ciri umum dari genus ini adalah bentuk koralit plocoid. Pengambilan data dilakukan di Desa Kampung Ambong Kecamatan Likupang Timur, Minahasa Utara. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei jelajah pada kedalaman 3-5 meter pada saat terjadi pasang naik. Karang yang diamati adalah famili Faviidae, genus Favia (Oken, 1815).Pada penelitian ini ditemukan lima spesies karang genus Favia, yaitu Favia speciosa (Dana, 1846), Favia favus (Forskål, 1775), Favia truncatus (Veron, 2000), Favia pallida (Dana, 1846) dan Favia matthaii (Vaughan, 1918). Spesies ini memiliki karakteristik yang hampir mirip pada beberapa bagian seperti septa, bentuk koralit, serta diameter koralit