232 research outputs found
Transforming Growth Factor Alpha Stimulation of Mucosal Tissue Cultures from Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Increases Chemoresistance to Cisplatin
The monoclonal epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR) antibody cetuximab (Erbitux(TM)) was recently approved by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in combination with a platinum-based chemotherapy. Since the antibody has only a limited effect as a monotherapy, possible explanations for the synergistic effect with cisplatin are enhanced antibody-dependent cytoxicity and increased sensitivity to the drug. Most of our knowledge of EGFR biology in HNSCC is based on studies using EGFR inhibitors and/or antibodies. Our study was designed to evaluate the impact of EGFR stimulation on cisplatin-induced DNA damage. Therefore, tissue cultures were produced of tumor-free oropharyngeal mucosa biopsies of HNSCC patients and controls. In a previous study, overexpression of EGFR in tissue cultures from tumor patients compared to controls was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. Twenty-four-hour stimulation of tissue cultures with transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha), a specific EGFR ligand, resulted in a reduction of cisplatin-induced DNA damage by 35% in cases, whereas in controls TGF-alpha had no effect. This reflects a statistically significant increase in cellular chemoresistance to cisplatin following TGF-alpha stimulation and helps to further understand effects of EGFR antisense therapy in combination with chemotherapy. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Base
Are There Classical Business Cycles?
The aim of this paper is to test formally the classical business cycle hypothesis, using data from industrialized countries for the time period since 1960. The hypoth- esis is characterized by the view that the cyclical structure in GDP is concentrated in the investment series: mixed investment has typically a long cycle, while the cycle in inventory investment is shorter. To check the robustness of our results, we sub- ject the data for 15 OECD countries to a variety of detrending techniques. While the hypothesis is not conrmed uniformly for all countries, there is a considerably high number for which the data display the predicted pattern. None of the coun- tries shows a pattern which can be interpreted as a clear rejection of the classical hypothesis.
Are these classical business cycles?
The aim of this paper is to test formally the classical business cycle hypothesis, using data from industrialized countries for the time period since 1960. The hypothesis is characterized by the view that the cyclical structure in GDP is concentrated in the investment series: fixed investment has typically a long cycle, while the cycle in inventory investment is shorter. To check the robustness of our results, we subject the data for 15 OECD countries to a variety of detrending techniques. While the hypothesis is not confirmed uniformly for all countries, there is a considerably high number for which the data display the predicted pattern. None of the countries shows a pattern which can be interpreted as a clear rejection of the classical hypothesis.business cycles, investment cycles, spectral tests
Bimodal Audiovisual Perception in Interactive Application Systems of Moderate Complexity
The dissertation at hand deals with aspects of quality perception of
interactive audiovisual application systems of moderate complexity as e.g.
defined in the MPEG-4 standard. Because in these systems the available
computing power is limited, it is decisive to know which factors influence
the perceived quality. Only then can the available computing power be
distributed in the most effective and efficient way for the simulation and
display of audiovisual 3D scenes. Whereas quality factors for the unimodal
auditory and visual stimuli are well known and respective models of
perception have been successfully devised based on this knowledge, this is
not true for bimodal audiovisual perception. For the latter, it is only
known that some kind of interdependency between auditory and visual
perception does exist. The exact mechanisms of human audiovisual perception
have not been described. It is assumed that interaction with an application
or scene has a major influence upon the perceived overall quality.
The goal of this work was to devise a system capable of performing
subjective audiovisual assessments in the given context in a largely
automated way. By applying the system, first evidence regarding audiovisual
interdependency and influence of interaction upon perception should be
collected. Therefore this work was composed of three fields of activities:
the creation of a test bench based on the available but (regarding the
audio functionality) somewhat restricted MPEG-4 player, the preoccupation
with methods and framework requirements that ensure comparability and
reproducibility of audiovisual assessments and results, and the performance
of a series of coordinated experiments including the analysis and
interpretation of the collected data. An object-based modular audio
rendering engine was co-designed and -implemented which allows to perform
simple room-acoustic simulations based on the MPEG-4 scene description
paradigm in real-time. Apart from the MPEG-4 player, the test bench
consists of a haptic Input Device used by test subjects to enter their
quality ratings and a logging tool that allows to journalize all relevant
events during an assessment session. The collected data can be exported
comfortably for further analysis using appropriate statistic tools.
A thorough analysis of the well established test methods and
recommendations for unimodal subjective assessments was performed to find
out whether a transfer to the audiovisual bimodal case is easily possible.
It became evident that - due to the limited knowledge about the underlying
perceptual processes - a novel categorization of experiments according to
their goals could be helpful to organize the research in the field.
Furthermore, a number of influencing factors could be identified that
exercise control over bimodal perception in the given context.
By performing the perceptual experiments using the devised system, its
functionality and ease of use was verified. Apart from that, some first
indications for the role of interaction in perceived overall quality have
been collected: interaction in the auditory modality reduces a human's
ability of correctly rating the audio quality, whereas visually based
(cross-modal) interaction does not necessarily generate this effect.Die vorliegende Dissertation beschÀftigt sich mit Aspekten der
QualitÀtswahrnehmung von interaktiven audiovisuellen Anwendungssystemen
moderater KomplexitÀt, wie sie z.B. durch den MPEG-4 Standard definiert
sind. Die Frage, welche Faktoren Einfluss auf die wahrgenommene QualitÀt
von audiovisuellen Anwendungssystemen haben ist entscheidend dafĂŒr, wie die
nur begrenzt zur VerfĂŒgung stehende Rechenleistung fĂŒr die
Echtzeit-Simulation von 3D Szenen und deren Darbietung sinnvoll verteilt
werden soll. WĂ€hrend QualitĂ€tsfaktoren fĂŒr unimodale auditive als auch
visuelle Stimuli seit langem bekannt sind und entsprechende Modelle
existieren, mĂŒssen diese fĂŒr die bimodale audiovisuelle Wahrnehmung noch
hergeleitet werden. Dabei ist bekannt, dass eine Wechselwirkung zwischen
auditiver und visueller QualitÀt besteht, nicht jedoch, wie die Mechanismen
menschlicher audiovisueller Wahrnehmung genau arbeiten. Es wird auch
angenommen, dass der Faktor Interaktion einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf
wahrgenommene QualitÀt hat.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war, ein System fĂŒr die zeitsparende und weitgehend
automatisierte DurchfĂŒhrung von subjektiven audiovisuellen
Wahrnehmungstests im gegebenen Kontext zu erstellen und es fĂŒr einige
exemplarische Experimente einzusetzen, welche erste Aussagen ĂŒber
audiovisuelleWechselwirkungen und den Einfluss von Interaktion auf die
Wahrnehmung erlauben sollten. Demzufolge gliederte sich die Arbeit in drei
Aufgabenbereiche: die Erstellung eines geeigneten Testsystems auf der
Grundlage eines vorhandenen, jedoch in seiner AudiofunktionalitÀt noch
eingeschrÀnkten MPEG-4 Players, das Sicherstellen von Vergleichbarkeit und
Wiederholbarkeit von audiovisuellen Wahrnehmungstests durch definierte
Testmethoden und -bedingungen, und die eigentliche DurchfĂŒhrung der
aufeinander abgestimmten Experimente mit anschlieĂżender Auswertung und
Interpretation der gewonnenen Daten. Dazu wurde eine objektbasierte,
modulare Audio-Engine mitentworfen und -implementiert, welche basierend auf
den Möglichkeiten der MPEG-4 Szenenbeschreibung alle FÀhigkeiten zur
Echtzeitberechnung von Raumakustik bietet. Innerhalb des entwickelten
Testsystems kommuniziert der MPEG-4 Player mit einem hardwaregestĂŒtzten
Benutzerinterface zur Eingabe der QualitÀtsbewertungen durch die
Testpersonen. SÀmtliche relevanten Ereignisse, die wÀhrend einer
Testsession auftreten, können mit Hilfe eines Logging-Tools aufgezeichnet
und fĂŒr die weitere Datenanalyse mit Statistikprogrammen exportiert werden.
Eine Analyse der existierenden Testmethoden und -empfehlungen fĂŒr unimodale
Wahrnehmungstests sollte zeigen, ob deren Ăbertragung auf den
audiovisuellen Fall möglich ist. Dabei wurde deutlich, dass bedingt durch
die fehlende Kenntnis der zugrundeliegenden Wahrnehmungsprozesse zunÀchst
eine Unterteilung nach den Zielen der durchgefĂŒhrten Experimente sinnvoll
erscheint. Weiterhin konnten Einflussfaktoren identifiziert werden, die die
bimodale Wahrnehmung im gegebenen Kontext steuern.
Bei der DurchfĂŒhrung der Wahrnehmungsexperimente wurde die
FunktionsfĂ€higkeit des erstellten Testsystems verifiziert. DarĂŒber hinaus
ergaben sich erste Anhaltspunkte fĂŒr den Einfluss von Interaktion auf die
wahrgenommene GesamtqualitÀt: Interaktion in der auditiven ModalitÀt
verringert die FÀhigkeit, AudioqualitÀt korrekt beurteilen zu können,
wĂ€hrend visuell gestĂŒtzte Interaktion (cross-modal) diesen Effekt nicht
zwingend generiert
KÀltekreislÀufe in Verdichter- und Gasturbinenanlagen
FĂŒr Verdichter- und Gasturbinenanlagen wird untersucht, inwieweit die Energieumwandlung durch den Einsatz von KĂ€lteprozessen verbessert werden kann. Durch UnterkĂŒhlung des zu verdichtenden Arbeitsmittels unter die Umgebungstemperatur wird die insgesamt aufzuwendende Verdichtungsarbeit (Summe aus Verdichter- und KĂ€ltemaschinenarbeit) vermindert. Die mögliche PrimĂ€renergieeinsparung nimmt mit steigendem VerdichterdruckverhĂ€ltnis und wachsender Anzahl von KĂ€ltekreislĂ€ufen zu.
Bei Gasturbinen kann durch UnterkĂŒhlung der vom Verdichter angesaugten Umgebungsluft der Nettowirkungsgrad um ca. 2,5 bis 4,5%-Punkte gesteigert werden. Wenn aufgrund klimatischer Randbedingungen (Luftfeuchtigkeit, Umgebungstemperatur) die optimale Verdichtereintrittstemperatur nicht zu realisieren ist, da Vereisungsprobleme und Tropfenbildung auftreten, verringern sich diese Werte. Bei einer Umgebungstemperatur von 20°C und einer AbkĂŒhlspanne von 20K ergeben sich z.B. Wirkungsgradsteigerungen von 1,5 bis 2%-Punkten.For compressor- and gas turbine plants it is investigated, how the energy conversion can be improved by using refrigeration cycles. By supercooling of the working fluid below the ambient temperature the total required compressor work (sum of compressor- and refrigeration machine work) can be reduced. The possible saving of primary energy increases with increasing compressor pressure ratios and growing number of refrigeration cycles.
The net efficiency of gas turbines can be improved by about 2.5 to 4.5 percentage points by supercooling the ambient air sucked in by the compressor. These values decrease if optimum compressor inlet temperatures cannot be realized due to icing problems and formation of drops. Improvements in net efficiency of 1.5 to 2 percentage points are realized for e.g. an ambient temperature of 20°C and a cooling range of 20K
Combinatorial functions of two chimeric antibodies directed to human CD4 and one directed to the a-chain of the human interleukin-2 receptor
The general feasibility of chimerization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has already been shown for a large number of
them. In order to evaluate in vitro parameters relevant to immunosuppressive therapy, we have chimerized and synthesized
two anti-CD4 mAbs recognizing two different epitopes on the human T-lymphocyte antigen, CD4. The chimerized mAbs
are produced at levels corresponding to those of the original hybridoma cell lines. With respect to activation of human
complement, the individual Abs are negative; however, when used in combination, complement activation was performed.
When applied in combination, they were found to modulate the CD4 antigen, whereas the individual mAb do not display
this property. Individually they mediate an up to 60% inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). However, by
combination of an anti-CD4 mAb with one directed against the a-chain of the human IL2 receptor, nearly 100% inhibition
of the MLR was achieved, even with reduced dosage of the mAbs. Our data suggest that the combination of an anti-CD4
mAb and an anti-IL2Rcc chain mAb is more effective with respect to immunosuppression than each mAb by itself, indicating
that this mAb cocktail could be a new strategy for immunosuppressive therapy
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