The effect of parathyroidectomy and thyroidectomy upon the subsequent levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood of swine

Although considerable -work has been conducted on thyroid and parathyroid function in several species of animals, thus far, such studies in swine are obscure. The results of early studies on the effects of thyroidectomy in other species were badly clouded because of the simultaneous removal of the parathyroids. It is now accepted that the two organs are anatomically and physiologically separate structures. In most mammals the thyroid gland consists of two lobes—one on each side of the trachea close to its junction with the larynx. The Lobes are usually connected by an isthmus crossing the ventral surface of the trachea. The pig is an exception in that the thyroid gland is a mono lobed structure located on the ventral surface of the trachea just above the thoracic aperture. The parathyroids, present in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, are believed to have essentially the same function. There are usually two pairs of parathyroids. Marked variations the position of the glands are seen in the different species, and, indeed, the position varies somewhat in animals of the same species. Location of these pyriform bodies is commonly on the posterior s\irface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid. Again, the pig proves to be an exception by having only two parathyroid glands—one in each anterior tip of the thymus gland (Schlotthauer and Higgins, 1934;Littledike, 1965). Optimal activity in animals is expected to occur when there is a proper balance of secretory activity of all the endocrine glands. Both The thyroid and parathyroid glands play an important part in this balance.Thyroid effects on metabolism, growth, and sexual maturity are well known; parathyroid regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in many species is also well documented. Extirpation of these glands produces a well-established syndrome of clinical symptoms; however, most of this knowledge is based on data compiled from research on dogs, cats,and rats. Relatively little attention has been devoted to the effects of the hormones of these glands on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the pig. The present investigation was conducted to determine the specific effects of parathyroidectomy and thyroidectomy on levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. The pig was chosen as the experimental animal because it is the only mammal that has an anatomically separated parathyroid and thyroid gland

The Relationship between the Military\u27s Masculine Culture and Service Members\u27 Help-Seeking Behaviors

Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, over 2.5 million active duty U.S. military service members have deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan (Knobloch & Wilson, 2015). Of those who return as veterans, twenty percent experience serious mental health problems, and only 30-40% of them seek help or treatment (Tanielian & Jaycox, 2008; Wilson, Gettings, Hall, & Pastor, 2015). Recently, the military has increased efforts to encourage help-seeking behaviors among service members and to normalize mental health treatment. However, the military’s masculine culture and emphasis on strength and toughness inhibits the success of these efforts. The present studies investigate the tension between military masculinity and mental health help-seeking behaviors. Study 1 uses ideological criticism to examine the recruitment websites of the four main branches of the military in order to assess the ways in which they communicate about masculine values and mental health. Study 2 presents an ideological analysis of two memoirs from individuals who have experienced life in the military and mental health problems upon returning home. The authors’ accounts are evaluated in comparison to the messages portrayed on the websites in order to determine whether real veterans have experiences that reflect the messages conveyed on recruitment websites. The two studies reveal what the military communicates about its culture and about mental health (Study 1) and what service members actually experience of military culture and mental health (Study 2). Suggestions for the normalization of mental health treatment among service members are discussed

Wie schwierig ist eine Modellierungsaufgabe? Denkstrukturen von Lösungsansätzen als Instrument zur Schwierigkeitsanalyse

In der mathematikdidaktischen Forschungsgemeinschaft ist man sich fast immer einig: Anwendungen, Modellieren und Realitätsbezüge sind wichtig und sollen in den Unterricht integriert werden. Allerdings zeigen viele Studien, dass der Anteil des Modellierens im Alltagsunterricht eher gering ist (z. B. Brunner, et al., 2006). Von Lehrern wird dabei häufig u.a. die Komplexität von Modellierungsaufgaben und die mangelnde Planbarkeit der Unterrichtsstunde beim Einsatz von Modellierungsaufgaben angeführt (Schmidt, 2010). Gerade Modellierungsaufgaben weisen scheinbar einige Unwägbarkeiten auf wie z.B. ihr vergleichbar großer Lösungsraum, d.h. dem zur Verfügung stehen mehrerer Lösungswege. Damit verbunden ist das Problem, die Schwierigkeit der Modellierungsaufgabe einzuschätzen. Im Folgenden wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das auf Denkstrukturen von Lösungsansätzen basiert, um den Schwierigkeitsgrad einer Modellierungsaufgabe einschätzen zu können. In einer Studie mit 600 Schülerinnen und Schülern der 9. gymnasialen Jahrgangsstufe soll der theoretisch ermittelte Schwierigkeitsgrad auf Validität überprüft werden

AN ANALYSIS OF LEARNERS’ SOLUTION STRATEGIES IN THE CONTEXT OF MODELLING TASKS

It remains a challenge for teachers to integrate modeling tasks in everyday mathematics classes. Many studies have been conducted that show the difficulties faced by teachers.  One of the challenging aspects in this regard is that of assessment. In the present study, a connection between structures of learners’ solution strategies and cognitive considerations is established to develop a practice-oriented instrument to determine and assess the complexity of solution strategies of modeling tasks. In this paper, the selected learners’ strategies’ structure was analyzed in-depth to identify the underlying cognitive structure. The results show that thought operations carried out in parallel complicated a solution strategy.  However, the results also support a purely sequential thought operation approach without weighting parallel thought operations, which corresponds to an intuitive assessment procedure by mathematics teachers. As assessment is a great challenge for many teachers in the context of modeling tasks, this study provides a promising frame of reference for further research in this important domain of assessment and modeling

Entwurfskonzept einer Car2Car-Multiband-Dachantenne

Due to the vastly increasing use of wireless services in the car, such as WiFi, Car2Car and LTE, the requirements on bandwidth and radiation pattern of the roof antenna systems become more challenging. In this work, a design concept for multi-band roof antenna systems is presented. We aim to get a higher bandwidth and an almost circular radiation pattern on the horizontal plane. Moreover, the antenna length is considered in order to fulfill the requirements set by construction ECE-regulations (ECE, 2010). The applicability of the design concept is not limited to multi-band roof antennas, it can also be used for a general wideband antenna design. For illustration of this concept, a multi-band roof antenna with a bandwidth of 780 MHz to 5.9 GHz and a near circular radiation pattern with an average gain of <i>G</i> = 3 dBi (at 5.9 GHz) on the horizontal plane is designed. The simulation and measurement results are presented

Ambiguities in input-output behavior of driven nonlinear systems close to bifurcation

Since the so-called Hopf-type amplifier has become an established element in the modeling of the mammalian hearing organ, it also gets attention in the design of nonlinear amplifiers for technical applications. Due to its pure sinusoidal response to a sinusoidal input signal, the amplifier based on the normal form of the Andronov-Hopf bifurcation is a peculiar exception of nonlinear amplifiers. This feature allows an exact mathematical formulation of the input-output characteristic and thus deeper insights of the nonlinear behavior. Aside from the Hopf-type amplifier we investigate an extension of the Hopf system with focus on ambiguities, especially the separation of solution sets, and double hysteresis behavior in the input-output characteristic. Our results are validated by a DSP implementation

Discretization analysis of bifurcation based nonlinear amplifiers

Recently, for modeling biological amplification processes, nonlinear amplifiers based on the supercritical Andronov-Hopf bifurcation have been widely analyzed analytically. For technical realizations, digital systems have become the most relevant systems in signal processing applications. The underlying continuous-time systems are transferred to the discrete-time domain using numerical integration methods. Within this contribution, effects on the qualitative behavior of the Andronov-Hopf bifurcation based systems concerning numerical integration methods are analyzed. It is shown exemplarily that explicit Runge-Kutta methods transform the truncated normalform equation of the Andronov-Hopf bifurcation into the normalform equation of the Neimark-Sacker bifurcation. Dependent on the order of the integration method, higher order terms are added during this transformation. A rescaled normalform equation of the Neimark-Sacker bifurcation is introduced that allows a parametric design of a discrete-time system which corresponds to the rescaled Andronov-Hopf system. This system approximates the characteristics of the rescaled Hopf-type amplifier for a large range of parameters. The natural frequency and the peak amplitude are preserved for every set of parameters. The Neimark-Sacker bifurcation based systems avoid large computational effort that would be caused by applying higher order integration methods to the continuous-time normalform equations. © Author(s) 2017

Transformation between Australian datums using a modified transverse Mercator projection

The introduction of the Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA94) in the year 2000 will undoubtedly require the transformation of a large amount of coordinate data in Australia. This paper presents a modified transverse Mercator (MTM) map-projection such that the latitude and longitude on one datum are projected so that they closely agree with the transverse Mercator easting and northing on another datum. This approach will allow the introduction of the GDA94 whilst preserving Australian Map Grid (AMG) coordinates. Conversely, the MTM projection can be used to transform coordinates directly from the Australian Geodetic Datum (AGD) to the new Map Grid of Australia (MGA94). In order to test these two approaches, MTM parameters have been computed from 82 co-located GDA94/MGA94 and AGD98/AMG84 coordinates that comprise the Western Australian STATEFIX geodetic network. When using the national seven- and three-parameter datum transformations, the maximum differences between observed and transformed coordinates are 2.04m and 2.21m, respectively. When using the transformation by MTM projection, the projected coordinates agree with the observed coordinates to less than 2.04m