Control of glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol among adults with diabetes : the Brazilian National Health Survey

ABC (glucose, blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol) goals are basic standards of diabetes care. We aimed to assess ABC control and related factors in a representative sample of Brazilian adults with diabetes. We analyzed 465 adults with known diabetes in the Brazilian National Health Survey. The targets used were <7% for glycated hemoglobin (A1C); <140/90 mmHg for blood pressure; and <100 mg/dL for LDL-C, with stricter targets for the latter two for those with high cardiovascular (CVD) risk. Individual goals were attained by 46% (95% CI, 40.3–51.6%) for A1C, 51.4% (95% CI, 45.7–57.1%) for blood pressure, and 40% (95% CI, 34.5–45.6%) for LDL-C. The achievement of all three goals was attained by 12.5% (95% CI, 8.9–16.2%). Those with high CVD risk attained blood pressure and LDL-C goals less frequently. A1C control improved with increasing age and worsened with greater duration of diabetes. Achievement of at least two ABC goals decreased with increasing BMI and greater duration of diabetes. In sum, about half of those with known diabetes achieved each ABC goal and only a small fraction achieved all three goals. Better access and adherence to treatment and strategies to personalize goals according to specific priorities are of the essence

Access to diabetes diagnosis in Brazil based on recent testing and consultation : the Brazilian national health survey, 2013 and 2019

Background: Screening for undiagnosed diabetes using glucose testing is recommended globally to allow preventive action among those detected. Our aim was to evaluate the access to glucose testing to screen for diabetes in Brazil using self-reported information on recent testing and medical consultation from national surveys of Brazilian adults. Methods: The Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) was conducted in 2013 and 2019 drawing probabilistic samples of Brazilians aged 18 years and above. To evaluate glucose testing among those undiagnosed, we excluded those self-reporting a previous diagnosis of diabetes. We then defined recent access to diabetes diagnosis by considering the previous two years and choosing the last blood glucose test and the proximal medical consultation reported. We used Poisson regression with robust variance to assess correlates of access, expressing them with adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence intervals. Results: Access to recent glucose testing documented that over 70% reported a recent glycemic test, 71% in 2013, and 77% in 2019. These findings are consistent with a wide recent access to medical consultation, 86% and 89% in 2013 and 2019, respectively. Reporting recent glucose testing and medical consultation may better reflect the actual access to medical diagnostic testing. When analyzing this joint outcome, diagnostic access was still wide, 67% and 74%, respectively. Greater access (p< 0.001) was seen for women (PR=1.16; 1.15-1.17), older individuals (PR=1.25; 1.22-1.28), and those with higher education (PR=1.17; 1.15-1.18), obesity (PR=1.06; 1.05-1.08), and hypertension (PR=1.12; 1.11-1.13). In contrast, lower access (p<0.001) was seen for those declaring being Black (PR=0.97; 0.95-0.99) or of mixed-race (PR=0.97; 0.96-0.98), those residing in rural areas (PR=0.89; 0.87-0.90), and not having a private health insurance plan (PR=0.85; 0.84-0.86). Conclusions: Although access to diagnostic testing for diabetes is high in Brazil, partly due to its universal health system, social inequities are still present, demanding specific actions, particularly in rural areas and among those self-declaring as being Black or mixed-race

Evolución de la diabetes en Brasil : dados de prevalencia de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud brasileña de 2013 y 2019

The prevalence of diabetes has been growing worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-reported diabetes in Brazil in 2019, to describe its evolution from 2013, and to evaluate the role of population growth, aging, and other factors in the changes found. The 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey, queried a physician diagnosis of diabetes in a probabilistic multistage cluster sample. The crude prevalence of known diabetes in 2019 was 7.7% (7.4%-8.0%), a 24% relative increase to the prevalence of 2013. Though this increase was greater in men (30%) than women (20%), 2019 prevalence remained higher in women (8.4%) than in men (6.9%). Age-adjusted prevalence was uniformly lower in the North region, and uniformly higher in the Southeast and Central-West regions. In 2019, 12.3 million cases of diabetes were found, a 36.4% increase from the 9.0 million in 2013. Drivers of this rise include increase in size (9.9%) and aging (1.8%) of the Brazilian population, and to all other factors, including increased case-detection and incidence, as well as decreased diabetes mortality (24.7%). Main correlates of greater prevalence – adjusted by the Poisson regression with robust variance – were older age (PR = 27.2, 95%CI: 1.2-42.9 for ≥ 65 years vs. 18-24 years), hypertension (PR = 2.6, 95%CI: 2.4-2.8 vs. normotension), and obesity (PR = 2.3, 95%CI: 2.1-2.5 vs. BMI < 25kg/m2). Those with a complete higher education had a 40% lower prevalence (PR = 0.6; 95%CI: 0.54-0.70 vs. incomplete elementary education). In conclusion, accompanying a worldwide trend, Brazil presents an increasing prevalence of diabetes throughout its regions, posing a huge burden to its population and health systems.A prevalência do diabetes mellitus tem crescido em nível global. O estudo buscou estimar a prevalência de autorrelato de diabetes no Brasil em 2019, descrever a evolução a partir de 2013 e avaliar o papel do crescimento demográfico, envelhecimento e outros fatores observados. A Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019, um inquérito transversal com representatividade nacional, perguntou sobre diagnóstico médico de diabetes em uma amostra probabilística por conglomerados com múltiplos estágios. A prevalência bruta de diabetes conhecido em 2019 foi de 7,7% (7,4%-8,0%), um aumento de 24% em relação à prevalência em 2013. Embora o aumento relativo tenha sido maior em homens (30%) que em mulheres (20%), a prevalência em 2019 permaneceu mais elevada em mulheres (8,4%) que em homens (6,9%). A prevalência ajustada por idade foi consistentemente mais baixa na Região Norte, e consistentemente mais alta nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-oeste. Em 2019, foram diagnosticados 12,3 milhões de casos de diabetes, um aumento de 36,4% em relação aos 9,0 milhões de casos em 2013. Fatores que explicam esse crescimento incluem aumento do tamanho (9,9%) e do envelhecimento (1,8%) da população brasileira, e outros fatores como o aumento na detecção de casos e na incidência, além de uma queda na mortalidade por diabetes (24,7%). As principais associações para uma maior prevalência – ajustada por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta – foram idade mais velha (RP = 27,2; IC95%: 1,2- 42,9 para ≥ 65 anos vs. 18-24 anos), hipertensão (RP = 2,6; IC95%: 2,4-2,8 vs. normotensão) e obesidade (RP = 2,3; IC95%: 2,1-2,5 vs. IMC < 25kg/ m2). Indivíduos com Nível Universitário completo tiveram uma prevalência 40% mais baixa (RP = 0,6; IC95%: 0,54-0,70 vs. Fundamental incompleto). Como conclusão, refletindo uma tendência mundial, o Brasil apresenta prevalência crescente de diabetes em todas as macrorregiões, o que cria uma enorme carga para a população e os sistemas de saúde.La prevalencia de la diabetes ha estado creciendo alrededor de todo el mundo. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de la diabetes autoinformada en Brasil en 2019, para describir su evolución desde 2013, así como para evaluar el papel del crecimiento de la población, envejecimiento, y otros factores en los cambios encontrados. Se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud brasileña de 2019, una encuesta transversal representativa nacionalmente, donde se consultó el diagnóstico médico de diabetes en una muestra probabilística por conglomerados multietapa. La prevalencia cruda de la diabetes conocida en 2019 fue 7,7% (7,4%-8,0%), con un 24% de incremento relativo respecto a la prevalencia de 2013. Sin embargo, este aumento fue mayor en hombres (30%) que en mujeres (20%). La prevalencia de 2019 permaneció más alta en mujeres (8,4%) que en hombres (6,9%). La prevalencia ajustada a la edad fue uniformemente más baja en la Región Norte, y uniformemente más alta en las regiones del Sudeste y Centro-oeste. En 2019, hubo 12,3 millones de casos de diabetes, lo que supuso un incremento de 36.4% desde los 9,0 millones en 2013. Las causas incluyen el aumento de peso (9,9%) y el envejecimiento (1,8%) de la población brasileña, así como para el resto de todos los factores, incluyendo el incremento de la detección de casos e incidencia, al igual que el decremento en la mortalidad por diabetes (24,7%). Los principales factores de correlación para una mayor prevalencia -ajustados por regresión de Poisson con variancia robusta- fueron una edad más avanzada (PR = 27,2; IC95%: 1,2-42,9 para ≥ 65 años vs. 18-24 años), hipertensión (PR = 2,6; IC95%: 2,4-2,8 vs. normotensión), y obesidad (PR = 2,3; IC95%: 2,1-2,5 vs. BMI < 25kg/m2). Quienes contaban con una educación superior completa tenían una prevalencia un 40% más baja (PR = 0,6; IC95%: 0,54-0,70 vs. quienes tenían la educación básica incompleta). En conclusión, acompañando una tendencia global, Brasil presenta un incremento de prevalencia de la diabetes a través de sus regiones, planteando una carga inmensa para su población y sistemas de salud

Levels and correlates of risk factor control in diabetes mellitus –ELSA-Brasil

Background: Control of glucose, blood pressure, cholesterol, and smoking improves the prognosis of individuals with diabetes mellitus. Our objective was to assess the level of control of these risk factors in Brazilian adults with known diabetes and evaluate correlates of target achievement. Methods: Cross-sectional sample of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health, composed of participants reporting a previous diagnosis of diabetes or the use oof antidiabetic medication. We measured glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and LDL-cholesterol at a central laboratory and blood pressure following standardized protocols. We defined HbA1c 10 years since diabetes diagnosis, PR = 0.68; 95%CI 0.63–0.73) less likely. Conclusion: Control of ABC targets was poor, notably for LDL-c and especially when considering combined control. Indicators of a disadvantaged social situation were associated with less frequent control

Cohort study protocol of the Brazilian collaborative research network on COVID-19 : strengthening WHO global data

Introduction: with the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals in low-income countries were faced with a triple challenge. First, a large number of patients required hospitalisation because of the infection’s more severe symptoms. Second, there was a lack of systematic and broad testing policies for early identification of cases. Third, there were weaknesses in the integration of information systems, which led to the need to search for available information from the hospital information systems. Accordingly, it is also important to state that relevant aspects of COVID-19’s natural history had not yet been fully clarified. The aim of this research protocol is to present the strategies of a Brazilian network of hospitals to perform systematised data collection on COVID-19 through the WHO platform. Methods and analysis: this is a multicentre project among Brazilian hospitals to provide data on COVID-19 through the WHO global platform, which integrates patient care information from different countries. From October 2020 to March 2021, a committee worked on defining a flowchart for this platform, specifying the variables of interest, data extraction standardisation and analysis. Ethics and dissemination: this protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of the Research Coordinating Center of Brazil (CEP of the Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceicao), on 29 January 2021, under approval No. 4.515.519 and by the National Research Ethics Commission (CONEP), on 5 February 2021, under approval No. 4.526.456. The project results will be explained in WHO reports and published in international peer-reviewed journals, and summaries will be provided to the funders of the study

Inconsistency of association between coffee consumption and cognitive function in adults and elderly in a cross-sectional study (ELSA-Brasil)

Abstract: Background: Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide and the effect on cognition appears to be task specific and vary by age. Method: In cohort of 14,563 public service workers (35–74 years old) we assessed coffee consumption habits and examined cognitive function using standardized neuropsychological test battery. By linear regression and generalize linear regression with logarithmic link and gamma distribution we investigated the relation of coffee consumption (never/almost never, ¤1 cup/day, 2–3 cups/day, ¥3 cups/day) in the last 12 months to performance on specific domains of cognition for adults and elderly separately. Results: Among elderly, after adjustments, coffee consumption was associated only with an increase in the mean words remembered on learning, recall, and word recognition tests when comparing the 2–3 cups/day to never/almost never category (arithmetic mean ratio (AMR): 1.03; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.00 to 1.07), and to an increase in the mean words pronounced in semantic verbal fluency test when comparing the ¥3 cups/day to never/almost never category (difference of the mean: 1.23; 95% CI: 0.16 to 2.29). However, coffee consumption was not associated with any cognitive function tests in adults and also was not associated with the phonemic verbal fluency test and trail-making test B in elderly. Conclusions: Results suggest that coffee consumption might be slightly beneficial to memory in elderly but lacks a dose response relationship. Longitudinal analyses are needed to investigate possible, even if subtle, positive effects of coffee drinking on specific cognitive domains in elderly

A medida da amplitude da distribuição do tamanho dos eritrócitos está associada ao risco cardiovascular em adultos

Estudos recentes têm mostrado que o RDW (do inglês Red Cell Distribution Width) é um marcador preditivo e prognóstico de mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares (DCV) na população geral e em pacientes com DCV. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a associação entre RDW e risco de DCV em uma grande amostra de adultos. Foram incluídas uma subamostra de participantes sem DCV da coorte ELSA-Brasil (n=4.481). Na abordagem transversal, a análise de regressão múltipla foi usada para investigar a associação entre o RDW e o Escore de Risco de Framingham (ERF). O modelo linear de efeito misto foi usado para avaliar se o RDW basal previa mudanças no risco de DCV após cerca de quatro anos de acompanhamento. A análise transversal mostrou que o RDW foi independentemente associado ao ERF, os participantes no quarto quartil da distribuição do RDW tiveram um ERF 29% maior do que aqueles no primeiro quartil RDW (p<0,001). Na análise longitudinal, o RDW permaneceu associado ao aumento do ERF. Nesta grande coorte de adultos brasileiros, o RDW foi independentemente associado ao aumento do risco de DCV, medido pelo ERF, tanto no início quanto após quatro anos de acompanhamento. No entanto, RDW não previu mudança no risco de DCV neste seguimento de curto prazo.Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a measure of erythrocyte size variability. Recent studies have shown that RDW is a predictive, and prognostic marker of mortality and cardiovascular (CVD) events in the general population and in CVD patients. This study aimed to investigate the association between RDW and CVD risk in a large sample of adults. A subsample of CVD free participants of the ELSA-Brasil cohort were included (n=4,481). In the cross-sectional approach, multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the association between RDW and the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). Linear mixed effect model evaluated whether baseline RDW predicted changes in CVD risk after about fouryear follow up. Cross-sectional analysis showed that RDW was independently associated with FRS, participants in the fourth-quartile of RDW distribution had a 29% higher FRS than those in the first-quartile RDW (p<0.001). A longitudinal analysis revealed that RDW remained associated with increased FRS. In this large cohort of adult Brazilians, RDW was independently associated with increased CVD risk, as measured by the FRS, both at baseline and after four-year follow-up. However, RDW did not predict change in CVD risk in this short-term follow up

Social distancing, mask use, and transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Brazil, April–June 2020

We assessed the associations of social distancing and mask use with symptomatic, laboratory-confi rmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in Porto Alegre, Brazil. We conducted a population-based casecontrol study during April–June 2020. Municipal authorities furnished case-patients, and controls were taken from representative household surveys. In adjusted logistic regression analyses of 271 case-patients and 1,396 controls, those reporting moderate to greatest adherence to social distancing had 59% (odds ratio [OR] 0.41, 95% CI 0.24– 0.70) to 75% (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.15–0.42) lower odds of infection. Lesser out-of-household exposure (vs. going out every day all day) reduced odds from 52% (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.29–0.77) to 75% (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.18–0.36). Mask use reduced odds of infection by 87% (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.04–0.36). In conclusion, social distancing and mask use while outside the house provided major protection against symptomatic infection

Comparison of cluster methods for the study of genetic diversity in common bean cultivars

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar métodos de agrupamento, com base nas medidas de dissimilaridade (euclidiana média padronizada e generalizada de Mahalanobis) e obter informações sobre a divergência genética em cultivares de feijão (Pizaseolus vulgaris L.). Quatorze cultivares de feijão foram avaliadas em nove experimentos conduzidos em Santa Maria, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (latitude 29°42S, longitude 53°49W e 95m de altitude), nos anos agrícolas de 2000/2001 a 2004/2005. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, e foram avaliados os caracteres produtividade de grãos, número de vagens por planta e de sementes por vagem, massa de cem grãos, população final de plantas, número de dias da emergência ao florescimento e da emergência à colheita, altura de inserção de primeira e de última vagem e grau de acamamento. Agrupamentos com base na distância euclidiana média padronizada são distintos dos formados com base na distância generalizada de Mahalanobis. O método de Tocher e os métodos hierárquicos da ligação simples, de Ward, da ligação completa, da mediana, da ligação média dentro de grupo e da Ligação média entre grupo, com base na distância generalizada de Mahalanobis formam grupos concordantes. A cultivar "Iraí" apresenta comportamento distinto das demais cultivares.The aim of this research was to compare cluster methods, on the basis of the dissimilarity (~tandardized average euclidian and Mahalanobis generalized) and obtain information on genetic diversity in common bean cultivars (Phaseolus vu/garis). Fourteen common beans cultivars were evaluated in nine experiments conducted at Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (latitude 29°42 S, longitude 53°49 W, altitude 95m), in agricultura/ years from 200012001 to 200412005. Randomized blocks design with three repetitions was installed to evaluated lhe following characters: grain yield, number o f pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight o f 100 grains, final population o f plants, number of days o f the emergency to flowering, number of days of the emergency to harvest, height o f first pod insertion and height of the final pod insertion. Clusters based on the standardized average euclidian distance are distinct from those formed on the basis of Mahalanobis generalized distance. The Tocher 's method and hierarchical methods ofthe single linkage, Ward, complete linkage, median, the average linkage within the group and average linkage between groups, based of the Mahalanobis generalized distance form agreement cluster. The cultivar "lraí" presents behavior distinct from other cultivars

Comparison of cluster methods for the study of genetic diversity in common bean cultivars

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar métodos de agrupamento, com base nas medidas de dissimilaridade (euclidiana média padronizada e generalizada de Mahalanobis) e obter informações sobre a divergência genética em cultivares de feijão (Pizaseolus vulgaris L.). Quatorze cultivares de feijão foram avaliadas em nove experimentos conduzidos em Santa Maria, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (latitude 29°42S, longitude 53°49W e 95m de altitude), nos anos agrícolas de 2000/2001 a 2004/2005. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, e foram avaliados os caracteres produtividade de grãos, número de vagens por planta e de sementes por vagem, massa de cem grãos, população final de plantas, número de dias da emergência ao florescimento e da emergência à colheita, altura de inserção de primeira e de última vagem e grau de acamamento. Agrupamentos com base na distância euclidiana média padronizada são distintos dos formados com base na distância generalizada de Mahalanobis. O método de Tocher e os métodos hierárquicos da ligação simples, de Ward, da ligação completa, da mediana, da ligação média dentro de grupo e da Ligação média entre grupo, com base na distância generalizada de Mahalanobis formam grupos concordantes. A cultivar "Iraí" apresenta comportamento distinto das demais cultivares.The aim of this research was to compare cluster methods, on the basis of the dissimilarity (~tandardized average euclidian and Mahalanobis generalized) and obtain information on genetic diversity in common bean cultivars (Phaseolus vu/garis). Fourteen common beans cultivars were evaluated in nine experiments conducted at Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (latitude 29°42 S, longitude 53°49 W, altitude 95m), in agricultura/ years from 200012001 to 200412005. Randomized blocks design with three repetitions was installed to evaluated lhe following characters: grain yield, number o f pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight o f 100 grains, final population o f plants, number of days o f the emergency to flowering, number of days of the emergency to harvest, height o f first pod insertion and height of the final pod insertion. Clusters based on the standardized average euclidian distance are distinct from those formed on the basis of Mahalanobis generalized distance. The Tocher 's method and hierarchical methods ofthe single linkage, Ward, complete linkage, median, the average linkage within the group and average linkage between groups, based of the Mahalanobis generalized distance form agreement cluster. The cultivar "lraí" presents behavior distinct from other cultivars