Isolation of Lacustrine Basins and Marine Regression in the Kuujjuaq Area, Northern Québec, as Inferred from Diatom Analysis

The Holocene sediment records of two lakes, located 50 km south of the Ungava Bay coast near Kuujjuaq have been examined using diatom analysis in order to trace basin isolation from marine influence. The succession of diatom zones clearly documents paleoenvironmental changes induced by glacio-isostatic uplift and regression of postglacial D'lberville Sea through consecutive periods of marine occupation, isolation from the sea and subsequent lacustrine conditions. Diatom analysis proved to be an effective tool in identifying the position of the isolation contact in the sediment columns and in defining the related changes in paleosalinity and isolation dynamics. Based on the Sedated isolation contacts and the threshold elevations of both lakes, a tentative emergence curve has been reconstructed which is in agreement with curves from adjacent areas. This allowed, for the first time, to infer trends in glacio-isostatic rebound and duration of marine submergence for an area from which paleogeographical data are almost entirely lacking. The curve shows that, following déglaciation about 7000 years ago, the Kuujjuaq area experienced continuous and rapid emergence in the order of 5.7-5.8 m/century until 4800-4300 years BP. Thereafter, emergence slowed to a rate of approximately 0.9 m/century. This study provides further evidence for the usefulness of diatom analysis in reconstructing sea-level changes and land uplift of formerly glaciated regions.Le contenu diatomifère de carottes provenant du fond de deux lacs situés près de Kuujjuaq à 50 km au sud du rivage de la baie d'Ungava, a été examiné en vue de retracer les phases d'isolement de ces lacs de la mer postglaciaire d'lberville. La succession stratigraphique des zones de diatomées démontre clairement les changements paléoenvironnementaux provoqués par le relèvement isostatique postglaciaire et la régression marine; on reconnaît en effet dans les séquences diatomologiques une phase d'occupation marine, une phase d'isolement de la mer et une phase lacustre subséquente. L'analyse des diatomées s'est révélée un outil utile pour identifier la phase et les modalités d'isolement des bassins devenus lacustres et pour retracer les changements de paléosalinités associés. En tenant compte des dates au 14C sur les unités d'isolement, de l'altitude du seuil de ces lacs et de la forme des courbes d'émersion des régions adjacentes, une courbe d'émersion préliminaire de la région de Kuujjuaq a pu être construite. Cette courbe montre qu'après la déglaciation, datée à 7000 BP, !'emersion fut rapide et continue à un taux moyen de l'ordre de 5,7-5,8 m/siècle jusqu'à environ 4800-4300 BP. Par après, !'emersion fut plus lente, à un taux d'environ 0,9 m/siècle. Cette étude s'ajoute à d'autres pour mettre en évidence le grand potentiel de l'analyse des diatomées pour la reconstruction précise de courbes de variation du niveau marin et de relèvement isostatique des régions englaciées.Um die Abtrennung (Isolation) zweier kùstennaher Seen von marinem Einflup rekonstruieren zu konnen, wurden deren holozane Sedimente auf ihren Gehalt an fossilen Diatomeen untersucht. Die beiden Seen befinden sich etwa 50 km sùdlich der Ungava Bay in der Nâhe Kuujjuaqs. Die Abfolge der Diatomeenassoziationen dokumentiert eindeutig durch isostatische Landhebung bewirkte palàogeographische Verânderungen, wie z.B. das Zurùckweichen des post-glazialen d'lberville Meeres mit aufeinander folgenden Phasen mariner Ùberschwemmung, Isolation vom Meer und Ùbergang zu Sùpwasserbedingungen. Die Diatomeenanalyse erlaubte die Festlegung der exakten Lage des Isolationshorizontes, der Sedimente marinen Ursprungs von SGp-wassersedimenten trennt. Darùber hinaus erlaubte sie die Rekonstruktion der im Verlaufe der Heraushebung erfolgten Isolations-prozesse und Salzgehaltsschwankungen. Durch radiometrische Altersbestimmung (14C) der Isolationshorizonte und Ermittlung der Hôhenlage der randlichen Strandterrasse beider Seen konnte eine Landhebungskurve erstellt werden, die generell mit denen benachbarter Regionen im Gebiet der Ungava Bay ùbereinstimmt. Anhand dieser Landhebungskurve kann festgehalten werden, dap das Gebiet um Kuujjuaq in der Zeitspanne von letztem Eisrùckzug vor etwa 7000 Jahren bis 4800-4300 BP kontinuierliche und schnelle Heraushebung in der Grôpenordnung von 5,7-5,8 m/Jahrhundert erfuhr. Danach hat sich die Heraushebungsgeschwindigkeit bis auf etwa 0,9 m/Jahrhundert verlangsamt.

Lake Water Salinity and Periphytic Diatom Succession in Three Subarctic Lakes, Yukon Territory, Canada

Seasonal changes in water chemistry and periphytic diatom assemblages were monitored for a saline, a subsaline, and freshwater lake in the central Yukon Territory. Athalassic saline lakes, such as these, are believed to be extremely rare in arctic regions. All three study lakes exhibited a gradual shoreline retreat over the season (28 May to 22 August 1992) due to evaporative water loss. As the season progressed, the saline lake exhibited a marked increase in conductivity and salinity, similar to changes observed for inland salt lakes in more southern regions. The seasonal changes in water chemistry were less pronounced in the subsaline and freshwater lakes. The periphytic diatom populations of the saline lake closely tracked changes in the lake's salinity, exhibiting a successional shift from taxa with low salt tolerances (e.g., Nitzschia cf. commutata and N. cf. palea) to those with high salt tolerances (e.g., Amphora acutiuscula) over the study period. Periphytic diatoms in the subsaline and freshwater lakes also exhibited marked successional changes, shifting to almost complete dominance by a single species (Cocconeis placentula and Achnanthes minutissima respectively), but these shifts were not related to lake water salinity alone.Key words: lakes, diatoms, seasonal succession, saline, subarctic, YukonOn a observé les variations saisonnières dans la composition chimique de l'eau et les assemblages de diatomées périphytoniques, dans un lac salin, un lac subsalin et un lac d'eau douce dans le centre du Territoire du Yukon. On croit que de tels les lacs salins ne venant pas de la mer, sont très rares dans la région arctique. Les trois lacs étudiés ont tous montré un retrait du rivage dû à la perte d'eau par évaporation au cours de la saison (du 28 mai au 22 août 1992). Au fur et à mesure que la saison avançait, le lac salin montrait une augmentation marquée de conductivité et de salinité semblable à celle observée dans les lacs intérieurs salins de régions plus au sud. Les changements saisonniers dans la composition chimique de l'eau étaient moins prononcés pour les lacs subsalin et d'eau douce. Les populations de diatomées périphytoniques du lac salin variaient directement en fonction des changements de salinité du lac, montrant des changements de succession allant de taxa à faible tolérance au sel (e.g., Nitzschia cf. commutata et N. cf. palea) à des taxa à forte tolérance au sel (e.g., Amphora acutiuscala) pendant la période d'étude. Les diatomées périphytoniques dans les lacs subsalin et d'eau douce ont aussi montré des changements de succession marqués, allant jusqu'à la domination presque complète d'une seule espèce (Cocconeis placentula et Achnanthes minutissima respectivement); ces changements n'étaient cependant pas reliés uniquement à la variation de salinité de l'eau des lacs.Mots clés: lacs, diatomées, succession saisonnière, salin, subarctique, Yuko

Response of Lacustrine Biota to Late Holocene Climate and Environmental Conditions in Northernmost Ungava (Canada)

Sediment cores from three lakes located in the northernmost region of Ungava, Québec (Canada) were examined to define aquatic community and ecosystem variability during the Late Holocene period. A chironomid-based transfer function was used to reconstruct August air temperature trends, and lacustrine primary production was inferred from sedimentary biogenic silica content and siliceous microfossil abundances. Trends in primary production, sediment organic matter content (estimated through loss on ignition), and chironomid-inferred temperature were compared to explore potential effects of environmental change on biotic assemblage composition at centennial to millennial time scales. Although no direct correlation between chironomid-inferred August air temperature and primary production was observed, we found indications that both chironomid and diatom communities were responding to the same overarching regional climatic and environmental processes. Over the last decade, northern Québec has been undergoing notable, rapid warming that contrasts with the relative inertia of the past few millennia. This study provides a baseline against which recent and future environmental changes in this region can be compared. Les archives sédimentaires couvrant la période de l’Holocène tardif ont été examinées dans trois lacs situés dans la région du nord de l’Ungava, au Québec (Canada). Un modèle d’inférence basé sur les assemblages de chironomides a été utilisé pour reconstruire la variabilité des températures de l’air du mois d’août, et la production primaire lacustre a été inférée par le contenu sédimentaire en silice biogénique et les abondances des microfossiles siliceux. Les variations historiques de la production primaire, du contenu organique du sédiment (évalué par la perte au feu) et les températures inférées ont été comparées afin d’explorer les effets potentiels des changements environnementaux sur la composition des assemblages à différentes échelles temporelles (centenaires à millénaires). Malgré le fait qu’aucune corrélation directe n’ait été observée entre les températures inférées en août et la productivité primaire, certaines indications suggèrent que les communautés de chironomides et de diatomées répondaient aux mêmes processus climatiques et environnementaux régionaux. Au cours de la dernière décennie, le nord du Québec a connu un réchauffement rapide et marqué, contrastant avec l’inertie relative des derniers millénaires. Cette étude fournit le scénario de référence par rapport auquel les changements environnementaux actuels et futurs pourront être comparés dans cette région

Paleo-environmental gateways in the eastern Canadian arctic – Recent isotope hydrology and diatom oxygen isotopes from Nettilling Lake, Baffin Island, Canada

Nettilling Lake is located on Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada between the areas of past warming (Canadian High Arctic to the North) and climatic stability (Northern Quebec and Labrador region to the South). Despite being the largest lake in the Nunavut region with a postglacial marine to lacustrine transition history only a few paleo-environmental investigations were completed in this area. The oxygen isotope composition of diatoms (d18O diatom) can provide valuable insights into paleo-environmental conditions. Here, the recent (isotope) hydrology and hydrochemical data from the lake are presented to facilitate the interpretation of a d18O diatom record from an 82 cm sediment core (Ni-2B). The well-mixed lake (d18O water = -17.4‰) is influenced by a heavier (less negative) isotope composition (-18.80‰) from Amadjuak River draining Amadjuak Lake to the South and water of lighter (more negative) isotopic composition (-16.4‰) from the Isurtuq River originating from Penny Ice Cap in the North-East. From the d18O water and d18O diatom of the topmost sample of core Ni-2B a D18O silica-water of 1000 ln alpha(silica-water) = 40.2‰ for sub-recent diatoms of Nettilling Lake was calculated matching the known water-silica fractionation for fossil sediments well and thereby showing the general applicability of this proxy for paleo-reconstructions in this region. Extremely large d18O diatom variations in the core of more than 13‰ are mainly induced by changes in the isotopic composition of the lake water due to a shift from glaciomarine (d18O diatom = +34.6‰) through brackish (+23.4 to +27.2‰) towards lacustrine (+21.5‰) conditions (transition zones glaciomarine to brackish at 69 cm/7300 yr cal. BP and brackish to lacustrine at 35 cm/6000 yr cal. BP) associated with a shift in the degree of salinity. Our study provides the first evidence that paleo-salinity can be reconstructed by d18O diatom. Additionally, for the lacustrine section it could be demonstrated that d18O diatom may serve as a proxy for past air temperature within the same core recording a late Holocene cooling of about 4°C being consistent with other published values for the greater Baffin region

Sedimentary pigments as indicators of cyanobacterial dynamics in a hypereutrophic lake

Abstract Lac Saint-Augustin is an urban lake located on the outskirts of Quebec City, one of North America's oldest cities. Anthropogenic inputs from land clearing, agriculture, highway development and urbanization in the surrounding catchment have resulted in strong impacts on the limnology of the lake throughout the past three centuries. In recent years, this lake has experienced severe eutrophication, including persistent cyanobacterial blooms. In winter 2011, a sediment core was extracted from the deepest area of the lake. A detailed paleopigment analysis was used to assess eutrophication processes in the lake and to determine the timing and appearance of cyanobacterial blooms and their subsequent variability. Extracted chlorophyll a, its degradation products and 11 carotenoid pigments were identified and quantified via reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography to examine relative changes in the phytoplankton. The results revealed large variations in the phytoplankton community structure of Lac SaintAugustin over the past 356 years. Chlorophyll a concentrations per unit organic matter (OM) increased significantly from the base of the core to present day, rising more than 15-fold from 18.4 lg (g OM) -1 at the base of the core to 287 lg (g OM) in the most recent strata. Biostratigraphical analysis revealed three major periods of enrichment, with episodes of cyanobacterial abundance from the 1890s onwards. The greatest changes occurred in the most recent period (from the 1960s to the present) relative to earlier periods, with pigment increases for all phytoplankton groups. The cyanobacterial pigments canthaxanthin, echinenone and zeaxanthin (also a marker for green algae) showed concentrations in the surface sediments that were significantly above values at the bottom of the core, and these differences were large, even giving consideration to the lesser pigment degradation near the surface. Overall, the results indicate that cyanobacterial blooms are not a recent feature of Lac Saint-Augustin but began to occur soon after catchment modification 150 years ago. The pigment records also imply that cyanobacterial and associated algal populations have risen to unprecedented levels over the last few decades of ongoing development of the Lac Saint-Augustin catchment. This study highlights the utility of multiple pigment analysis of lake sediments for identifying the timing and magnitude of anthropogenic impacts

Landscape-gradient assessment of thermokarst lake hydrology using water isotope tracers

Thermokarst lakes are widespread in arctic and subarctic regions. In subarctic Québec (Nunavik), they have grown in number and size since the mid-20th century. Recent studies have identified that these lakes are important sources of greenhouse gases. This is mainly due to the supply of catchment-derived dissolved organic carbon that generates anoxic conditions leading to methane production. To assess the potential role of climate-driven changes in hydrological processes to influence greenhouse-gas emissions, we utilized water isotope tracers to characterize the water balance of thermokarst lakes in Nunavik during three consecutive mid- to late summer seasons (2012-2014). Lake distribution stretches from shrub-tundra overlying discontinuous permafrost in the north to spruce-lichen woodland with sporadic permafrost in the south. Calculation of lake-specific input water isotope compositions (I) and lake-specific evaporation-to-inflow (E/I) ratios based on an isotope-mass balance model reveal a narrow hydrological gradient regardless of diversity in regional landscape characteristics. Nearly all lakes sampled were predominantly fed by rainfall and/or permafrost meltwater, which suppressed the effects of evaporative loss. Only a few lakes in one of the southern sampling locations, which overly highly degraded sporadic permafrost terrain, appear to be susceptible to evaporative lake-level drawdown. We attribute this lake hydrological resiliency to the strong maritime climate in coastal regions of Nunavik. Predicted climate-driven increases in precipitation and permafrost degradation will likely contribute to persistence and expansion of thermokarst lakes throughout the region. If coupled with an increase in terrestrial carbon inputs to thermokarst lakes from surface runoff, conditions favorable for mineralization and emission of methane, these water bodies may become even more important sources of greenhouse gases

Caractéristiques limnologiques de 56 lacs du Québec méridional en lien avec l’état trophique

Les lacs de villégiature du Québec méridional sont soumis à des pressions anthropiques croissantes. Conséquemment, on observe une intensification de l’eutrophisation avec les effets indésirables que cela comporte, tels une diminution de la biodiversité et un accroissement des espèces tolérantes comme les cyanobactéries. Le premier objectif de l’étude consiste à documenter les interactions qui s’opèrent entre les variables limnologiques et géologiques à l’étude et le processus d’eutrophisation. Le second objectif vise à déterminer a posteriori l’état trophique des lacs étudiés. Pour ce faire, des analyses de corrélations, de groupement et de covariances ont été menées grâce à l’utilisation d’une série de données comptant 57 variables environnementales. Les analyses de corrélations ont montré, tel que normalement observé, qu’il y a un lien étroit entre la concentration de phosphore total, l’abondance des algues et la diminution de la transparence de l’eau. De plus, l’accroissement de la biomasse primaire dans les lacs eutrophes et hypereutrophes était corrélé avec l’augmentation des concentrations d’aluminium dissous. Par ailleurs, les résultats montrent que la géologie des bassins versants joue un rôle prépondérant sur les propriétés alcalines des lacs et conséquemment, le niveau de production primaire semble s’en trouver accrue. Enfin, l’ensemble des lacs à l’étude représente un gradient trophique complet, soit des conditions trophiques classées ultra-oligotrophes à hypereutrophes, ce qui permettra d’effectuer une étude comparative entre le gradient trophique et la structure des communautés de diatomées lors des travaux futurs.Recreational lakes in southern Quebec are under increasing anthropogenic pressure. As a consequence, an increasing state of eutrophication has been observed, associated with some negative side effects, such as loss of biodiversity and a rise in tolerant cyanobacteria. The first objective of our study was to document the relationships that exist between the geological setting and the limnological characteristics of the study lakes and the process of eutrophication. To this end, correlation, cluster and covariance analyses were conducted using a data set including 57 environmental variables. The correlation analysis usually showed a close link among the total phosphorus concentration, algal abundance and decreasing water transparency in all study lakes. In addition, an increase in primary biomass in eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes was correlated with increasing concentrations of dissolved aluminium. Our results also show that the geological composition of a lake’s watershed strongly controls its alkaline properties and, consequently, its level of primary production. Finally, our set of lakes represented a complete trophic gradient, with trophic conditions ranging from ultra-oligotrophic to hypertrophic. This data set provides a starting point for future studies into the relation between the trophic gradient and the structure of diatom communities in temperate lakes