Copper-Catalyzed [5 + 1] Annulation of 2-Ethynylanilines with an <i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-Acetal Leading to Construction of Quinoline Derivatives

A novel copper-catalyzed [5 + 1] annulation of 2-ethynylanilines with an <i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-acetal, which functioned as a C1 part, leading to the preparation of quinoline derivatives with an ester substituent on the 2-position is described. A combination of CuBr₂ and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) promoting [5 + 1] annulation of the 2-ethynylaniline with ethyl glyoxylate is also demonstrated

Indium-Catalyzed Reductive Bromination of Carboxylic Acids Leading to Alkyl Bromides

The combination of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS) and trimethylbromosilane (Me₃SiBr) with a catalytic amount of indium bromide (InBr₃) undertook direct bromination of carboxylic acids, which produced the corresponding alkyl bromides in good to excellent yields. The reducing system was tolerant to several functional groups

Indium(III)-Catalyzed Reductive Bromination and Iodination of Carboxylic Acids to Alkyl Bromides and Iodides: Scope, Mechanism, and One-Pot Transformation to Alkyl Halides and Amine Derivatives

Highly effective indium­(III)-catalyzed reductive bromination or iodination of a variety of carboxylic acids with 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS) and a source of bromine or iodine is described. This functional group interconversion has high tolerance for several functional groups, such as halogens, a hydroxy group, a nitro group, an olefin part, and a sulfide moiety. This indium catalytic system is also applicable to the reductive iodination of aldehyded, acyl chlorides, and esters. Furthermore, this reducing system can be applied to the one-pot synthesis of alkyl halides and amine derivatives via the addition of nucleophiles. Insight into the reaction mechanism was gained via the time course of ¹H and ¹³C NMR monitoring experiments and the corresponding stepwise reactions

Single-Step Thioetherification by Indium-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Carboxylic Acids with Thiols

Direct thioetherification from a variety of aromatic carboxylic acids and thiols using a reducing system combined with InBr₃ and 1,1,3,3-teramethyldisiloxane (TMDS) in a one-pot procedure is demonstrated. It was also found that a system combined with InI₃ and TMDS underwent thioetherification of aliphatic carboxylic acids with thiols

The MIC range, MIC₅₀, MIC₉₀, and geometric mean for all 493 <i>C. neoformans</i> isolates for seven antifungals according to clinical and environmental origin of isolates.

<p>The MIC range, MIC₅₀, MIC₉₀, and geometric mean for all 493 <i>C. neoformans</i> isolates for seven antifungals according to clinical and environmental origin of isolates.</p

Genotypic variation of <i>C. neoformans</i> isolates from different Asian countries by microsatellite typing.

<p>(A) Minimum spanning tree based on a multistate categorical analysis representing 429 <i>C. neoformans</i> var. <i>grubii</i> isolates from different countries. Each circle represents a unique genotype. The size of the circle corresponds to the number of isolates within that genotype. Numbers and connecting lines correspond to the number of different markers between genotypes. Genotypes with identical colors are part of a microsatellite complex (MC). Circles without color are unique genotypes that are not part of a MC.; (B) Same as A, but now showing the genotypes from different geographic locations. Different colors correspond to different countries.; (C) Same as A and B, but now showing the genotypes from clinical and environmental sources.; (D) Same as A, B and C, but now showing the genotypes of Thai and Japanese population from clinical and environmental sources.</p

Distribution of microsatellite complexes (MCs) between different countries.

<p>The predominant MCs in each country are indicated in bold.</p

Distribution of sequence types (STs) of <i>C</i>. <i>neoformans</i> var. <i>grubii</i> isolates according to HIV status of the patients.

<p>The predominant STs in each HIV status category are indicated in bold.</p

Minimum spanning trees using the goeBURST algorithm showing MLST relationships among Asian C. neoformans var. <i>grubii</i> isolates.

<p>(A) Tree represents 476 <i>C</i>. <i>neoformans</i> var. <i>grubii</i> isolates from different countries. Each circle represents a unique genotype/sequence type (STs). The size of the circle corresponds to the number of isolates within that genotype. Different colors correspond to different countries; (B) Same as A, but now showing the genotypes from clinical and environmental sources; (C) Same as A and B, but with the addition of the genotypes of 179 <i>C</i>. <i>neoformans</i> var. <i>grubii</i> isolates from different continents (data from <a href="http://mlst.mycologylab.org" target="_blank">http://mlst.mycologylab.org</a> and previous reports by Cogliati <i>et al</i>., 2013 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072222#pone.0072222-Cogliati1" target="_blank">[44]</a> and Mihara <i>et al</i>., 2012 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072222#pone.0072222-Mihara1" target="_blank">[16]</a>).</p

Primers used for MLST analysis of Asian <i>C</i>. <i>neoformans</i> var. <i>grubii</i> isolates.

<p>Primers used for MLST analysis of Asian <i>C</i>. <i>neoformans</i> var. <i>grubii</i> isolates.</p